A comprehensive look into part-time work, its definition, types, special considerations, and relevance in today's job market.
An in-depth exploration of part-time work, its historical context, categories, key events, importance, applicability, and more.
Partial adjustment is a process where decision-makers address discrepancies gradually, optimizing costs and minimizing risks associated with rapid changes.
A comprehensive look at partial employment, its definition, types, implications, and comparative analysis with full employment and unemployment.
A detailed examination of Partial Equilibrium, an economic analysis method focusing on a single market while neglecting broader economic interactions. Includes historical context, key concepts, mathematical models, and practical applications.
A detailed exploration of partial exemption in value added tax legislation, its historical context, types, and key considerations.
Partible inheritance is a system of inheritance where an estate is divided equally among the heirs, typically the children of the deceased.
A detailed examination of Participating Interest, its implications in the corporate world, and its importance in exercising control or influence over another undertaking.
The participation rate measures the percentage of a given age group that is economically active, encompassing employees, the self-employed, and unemployed individuals. It varies by age and other factors.
A detailed exploration of Participatory Budgeting, its history, types, key events, applications, importance, and more.
Detailed overview of Partnership Taxation, its types, special considerations, historical context, applicability, and related terms.
An explanatory guide on Passive Management, an investment strategy that mirrors a market index to minimize turnover and reduce costs.
An in-depth exploration of Passporting Rights, their significance in international finance, and their impact on global trade and economics.
A patent is a legal instrument that grants exclusive rights to inventors for a specified period, thereby incentivizing innovation by ensuring that inventors can profit from their creations.
An in-depth exploration of patent trolls, entities that acquire patents to profit from litigation rather than producing their own goods or services.
The concept of paternalism in laws and policies, where individuals' preferences are overridden for their own good. Historical context, types, key events, and detailed explanations included.
Path Dependence refers to the principle that the set of decisions one can make is constrained by past choices, even if those past circumstances are no longer relevant.
Path Dependence refers to the concept that economic and decision-making processes do not move towards a unique predetermined equilibrium but instead reach one of many potential equilibria based on historical paths taken.
An in-depth look at Patriot Bonds, U.S. savings bonds issued during the World War II era to finance the war effort and encourage civilian investment in national defense.
Detailed exploration of the Pay and File system, a former method for paying corporation tax introduced in the UK, its historical context, procedures, and eventual replacement by self-assessment.
An overview of the PAYE system, which is the UK system of collection of income tax on earned incomes at source. Employers deduct personal income tax and National Insurance contributions from employees' earnings at the time of payment.
Pay compression refers to a situation where there is a small difference in pay between employees regardless of their skills, experience, or job responsibilities due to compressed pay ranges.
Control over wage rates as part of a prices and incomes policy, focusing on limiting increases or implementing a pay freeze.
Pay Equity refers to the principle of ensuring fair compensation for employees regardless of gender, race, or other discriminatory factors. It aims to eliminate wage disparities and promote equality in the workplace.
An in-depth exploration of pay freeze policies, including historical context, types, key events, detailed explanations, importance, applicability, examples, and related terms.
An in-depth exploration of pay grades, their historical context, categories, importance, applicability in various fields, examples, and key considerations.
A comprehensive exploration of pay scales, including historical context, types, key events, detailed explanations, mathematical models, charts, importance, applicability, examples, and more.
Explore the intricacies of the Pay-As-You-Go pension system, its historical context, importance, examples, and more. Learn how it differs from fully funded pension schemes and discover the challenges involved in transitioning between the two.
A system in which state retirement benefits are financed by contributions levied from current workers, as opposed to a funded system where contributions are invested for future benefits.
A detailed exploration of the Pay-Off Matrix, its application in two-player games, historical context, examples, and related concepts in game theory.
A comprehensive exploration of the Paycheck Fairness Act, its historical context, key provisions, importance, applicability, and related legislative efforts.
PAYE (Pay As You Earn) is the system for collecting income tax and National Insurance Contributions (NICs) from employees' earnings. This method involves employers deducting taxes from wages before paying employees, ensuring timely and accurate tax collection.
PAYE, or Pay-as-you-earn, is a UK system for collecting income tax and National Insurance contributions from employees' earnings via their employers. This comprehensive article explains the system's historical context, administration, importance, and much more.
A comprehensive guide to understanding payments in kind, including historical context, types, implications, key events, and more.
An arrangement by which countries pool their foreign exchange reserves, reducing the total reserves they need to hold and facilitating freer trade amongst themselves.
An in-depth exploration of payoff matrices, fundamental to game theory, highlighting their structure, examples, types, and applications in strategic interactions.
An In-Depth Exploration of the Payor: An Entity Responsible for Making Payments
Payroll tax is a tax levied on wage payments and is integral in various countries' tax systems, affecting both employers and employees.
Detailed insight into Public Benefit Entities (PBEs), focusing on their historical context, types, key events, mathematical models, importance, and examples.
The People's Bank of China (PBoC) is the central bank of the People's Republic of China, responsible for regulating the Chinese Yuan (CNY) and overseeing monetary policy and financial stability.
An Overview of the Pre-Budget Report (PBR): Its Historical Context, Key Events, Significance, and More
A thorough explanation of the Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index (PCEPI), including its definition, significance, and applications.
The Peace Dividend refers to the resources made available for other purposes if a reduction in international tension allows for cuts in defense expenditure. This concept emphasizes reallocation of funds from military to civilian sectors, fostering economic growth, and enhancing public services.
The peak represents the highest point in a business cycle, marking the end of an expansionary phase and the beginning of a contraction.
Peak Oil refers to the hypothesized point in time when global oil production reaches its peak rate, after which it is expected to enter a permanent decline.
A pricing strategy that charges higher prices during periods of peak demand to reflect the additional capacity costs and incentivize consumers to shift their usage to off-peak times.
An in-depth look into pecuniary externalities, their mechanisms, historical context, and implications in economic theory.
An in-depth exploration of Peer-to-Peer Lending (P2P lending or social lending), its history, mechanics, key events, importance, and more.
Comprehensive definition and analysis of pegged currency, with historical context and examples.
A pegged exchange rate ensures a stable relationship between a country's currency and a major foreign currency, reducing volatility and benefiting international trade and investment.
Pence is the subdivision of the pound, with 100 pence making up one pound in the UK monetary system.
The Pending Home Sales Index (PHSI) is an important economic indicator reflecting housing market conditions. It measures home sales that are under contract but not yet closed, giving insights into future real estate market activity.
Pendulum Arbitration is a method where the arbitrator chooses between the proposals of the disputing parties, ensuring fair and reasonable settlements.
The penny, the singular form of pence, has a rich historical context and significant economic implications.
A comprehensive guide to understanding pensions, including types, history, key events, mathematical models, and more.
Comprehensive coverage on the concept of pension benefits, including historical context, types, key events, mathematical models, and more.
An in-depth exploration of pension contributions, including their historical context, importance, types, key events, mathematical models, and more.
An in-depth exploration of the Pension Crisis, its causes, consequences, and potential solutions within developed economies.
An extensive guide covering the intricacies of pension funds, including types, key events, mathematical models, and examples.
An in-depth exploration of the Pension Funding Gap, including its historical context, implications, key events, types, mathematical models, and more.
An in-depth exploration of pension liabilities, including historical context, types, key events, mathematical models, charts, applicability, examples, and related terms.
An in-depth look into Pension Obligation, which represents the total amount a company is obligated to pay its employees in the form of pension benefits, including historical context, types, key events, explanations, formulas, importance, and applicability.
A comprehensive guide to the Pension Protection Act (PPA), its amendments to ERISA, and its implications for the funding of pension plans and protection of workers' benefits.
Exploring the intricacies of pension rights, their historical context, types, key events, actuarial calculations, importance, and more.
An in-depth analysis of pension schemes, their types, historical context, importance, applicability, examples, and related terms.
An in-depth exploration of pension schemes, including contributory and non-contributory pension schemes, under-funded and unfunded pension schemes, historical context, types, key events, and examples.
A comprehensive guide to the age at which individuals become eligible to receive pension benefits, examining variations across countries, historical context, and implications for financial planning.
A comprehensive guide to understanding the role and benefits of a pensioner in society, the types of pensions available, and the historical context of pension systems.
The Pensions Act 2014 is a significant piece of legislation in the United Kingdom that introduced the New State Pension, affecting how pensions are calculated and received.
An in-depth examination of Per Capita Income, its calculations, significance, historical context, types, and related considerations.
An in-depth exploration of Per Capita Income, its calculation, importance, implications, and global comparisons.
An essential measure of a country's economic well-being and productivity, Per Capita Real GDP adjusts the gross domestic product for population and inflation, providing insights into the economic performance and living standards of a nation.
Measuring by household unit rather than individuals, 'Per Household' metrics provide insights at the family or household level.
Definition and Explanation of 'Per Month' - Pertaining to Monthly Expenses or Income
An in-depth exploration of the method used to absorb production overheads into cost units using the direct labour cost percentage.
An in-depth exploration of percentage points, their importance, applications, calculations, and distinctions from other similar terms.
An overview of Perestroika, the system of economic reforms initiated in the Soviet Union in 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev, aimed at restructuring and introducing private ownership of enterprises.
The concept of perfect capital mobility refers to the ability of capital to move without cost or restriction between countries, resulting in equalized risk-adjusted returns to capital across nations. This article delves into the historical context, types, key events, importance, and more.
An idealized market situation where all participants are price-takers with symmetrical information, ensuring a competitive equilibrium.
Perfect Foresight refers to the ability to predict future events correctly, given no uncertainty. This concept is fundamental in Economics and various scientific models.
A market in which the conditions for perfect competition are satisfied and a homogeneous commodity is traded.
A comprehensive guide to understanding Perfect Substitutes in economics, their implications, and real-world examples.
Perfectly Elastic Demand describes a situation where even the smallest price change leads to an infinitely large change in the quantity demanded, signifying maximum consumer sensitivity.
In microeconomics, perfectly inelastic demand refers to a situation where the quantity demanded of a good or service remains constant regardless of price changes. This is represented by a price elasticity of demand (Ed) equal to zero.
A performance bond is a financial instrument provided by a bank or insurance company to guarantee that a contractor will fulfill their obligations according to the terms of a contract.
A detailed exploration of performance bonds, their types, applications, and significance in various sectors.
Performance Bonus refers to lump-sum payments awarded in recognition of exceptional performance, often linked to individual, team, or organizational objectives.
A comprehensive guide to understanding performance clauses in contracts, their types, importance, applicability, and examples. This article provides a detailed explanation, historical context, mathematical models, charts, key events, related terms, and more.
A Performance Curve is a graphical representation depicting how a particular performance metric changes over time or with varying levels of input, offering insights into improvements or declines in performance.
Performance fees are a type of fee structure where the compensation depends on the fund's ability to generate returns above a predetermined benchmark or hurdle rate. This article explores the concept, historical context, types, key events, formulas, applicability, examples, and related terms.
Performance incentives are rewards based on individual or group performance, designed to motivate and enhance productivity.
Performance Measurement involves developing indicators to assess progress towards predefined goals and reviewing performance against these measures. This process is essential in both financial and non-financial contexts to evaluate an organization's or individual's performance.
Performance metrics are quantitative measures used to evaluate, compare, and track the performance or outcomes of organizations, teams, or processes. They are essential for decision-making and strategic planning.
Performance-Based Compensation refers to a payment system where an individual's or team's earnings are directly tied to meeting or exceeding specific performance objectives.
An in-depth exploration of performance-based pay systems, their historical context, types, key events, models, and importance in modern workplaces.
An exploration of Performance-Based Regulation (PBR), a regulatory approach that links revenues to performance metrics instead of costs.
A comprehensive overview of Performance-Related Pay, including its historical context, types, key events, explanations, models, charts, importance, and examples.
Understanding the Peril Point in Tariff Policy and its Historical Context, Categories, Key Events, and Modern Relevance
The period between the start of an investment project and the time when production using it can start. Long gestation periods make investment riskier and its outcome more difficult to predict.
Periodicity refers to the characteristic of occurring at consistent and regular intervals, a concept integral to various scientific, mathematical, and economic disciplines.
