A comprehensive legislative measure designed to assist large financial institutions to prevent failures and signal to worldwide financial markets that the U.S. government would support major banks and important financial entities to avoid disruptive collapses. EESA established and funded the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) with $700 billion.
An emerging market is a foreign economy that is developing in response to the spread of capitalism and has created its own stock market. Analogous to small growth companies, emerging markets have high potential as well as high risk.
A comprehensive exploration of the term 'emolument', encompassing income derived from office, rank, employment, or labor, inclusive of salary, fees, and other compensation.
An Employee is an individual who works for compensation, whether direct or indirect, for another in return for stipulated services. This entry provides an in-depth look at the role, rights, and distinctions of employees in various contexts.
An in-depth look at Employee Contributions, their significance, calculation methods, types, and implications in contributory employee benefit plans.
Employee Profit Sharing is an employee benefit plan that allows employees to share in the profits of a company. This plan enhances motivation and aligns the interests of employees with those of the company.
An employer is someone who hires and pays wages, providing livelihood to individuals who perform work. This relationship confers authority on the employer, who can control and direct work, engage or discharge employees, and furnish working supplies. Employers are also responsible for the collection and remission of federal income and Social Security taxes.
Understanding the Employer's Contingent Lien Against Assets Liability relating to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation's claim upon pension plan termination.
An employment agency is a public or private organization providing employment services for job seekers and employers. Public agencies and private agencies both play critical roles in the employment process.
The Employment Cost Index (ECI), issued quarterly by the U.S. Department of Labor, monitors changes in employer payroll costs, including salaries, wages, benefits, and bonuses. It serves as a key indicator for inflation trends.
An in-depth exploration of the term 'Emporium,' tracing its evolution from ancient marketplaces to contemporary large stores with diverse merchandise.
Endowment is a permanent fund of property or money bestowed upon an institution or person, with the income used to serve a specific intended purpose.
Engel's Law, observed by 19th-century economist Ernst Engel, states that as family income rises, the proportion of income spent on food declines. This economic principle highlights the relationship between income levels and spending habits on necessities.
Exploring engineered capacity, including its definition, significance, applications, and related concepts.
An entrepreneur is an individual who initiates and operates a business, often assuming the financial risks in the hope of profit.
Entrepreneurial profit represents the earnings that compensate a skilled businessperson for their expertise and successful efforts, typically exceeding the normal profit expected from competent management.
Equal and Uniform Taxation is the principle that all persons of the same class must be treated equally, applying the same rate and value to property being taxed. It ensures fairness and equity in taxation.
An in-depth look at the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, federal legislation aiming to prohibit discrimination in credit transactions based on personal characteristics and financial status.
An Equal Opportunity Employer is one that adheres to affirmative action legislation and promotes nondiscrimination in employment opportunities.
An Equalization Board is a government agency responsible for ensuring the fair assessment and levy of property taxes within a state or jurisdiction.
The price at which the quantity of goods that producers wish to supply matches the quantity demanders want to purchase, optimizing market efficiency and maximizing profitability for manufacturers.
The volume of a good that will be produced and sold when the market for the good is in equilibrium.
Equipment refers to machines or major tools required to execute a specific task. They are essential components in various fields, including mechanics, construction, and technology. These items need to be capitalized and depreciated over their appropriate depreciable life.
Comprehensive overview of equitable distribution, focusing on the fair division of property among interested persons, its historical context, applications, and related concepts.
A comprehensive act that establishes minimum standards for pension and health plans in private industry to provide protection for individuals in these plans.
Elucidating the concept of Escalation, its various types, implementations, and implications, with a particular focus on Escalator Clauses in contracts.
An essential industry is one that, for political or economic reasons, is considered crucial and must be maintained within a country's own economy, regardless of comparative advantages.
Comprehensive Explanation of Estate Tax, Calculation Methods, Exemptions, Deductions, and Applicability. Understanding the Fair Market Value Assessment.
The Eurodollar is a U.S. dollar held as a deposit in a bank outside the United States, mainly in Europe, commonly used to settle international transactions.
Comprehensive definition of the European Union (EU), encompassing its history, member states, economic and political objectives, and impact on global affairs.
An Evaluator is an independent expert who appraises the value of properties with limited trading, like antiques in an estate or rarely traded stocks or bonds. The evaluator's fee can be a flat amount or a percentage of the appraised value.
A detailed overview of the Excess Profits Tax, its purpose, historical context, types, and implications.
Excess Reserves are funds held by banks that exceed the reserve requirement set by financial authorities, such as the Federal Reserve System (FED).
An in-depth exploration of exchange, covering its various forms, historical context, examples, related legal provisions, and FAQs.
Exchange Rate Dirty Float refers to a type of exchange rate regime where a currency's value is primarily determined by market forces but is occasionally intervened by the country's central bank. Explore the mechanisms, historical context, examples, and implications of a Dirty Float exchange system.
The Exclusion Principle in economics grants the right of an owner of private property to exclude others from using or enjoying it, ensuring the owner's control over the property's use.
Execution Law pertains to the signing, sealing, and delivering of contracts or agreements to make them valid, as well as carrying out securities trades in financial contexts.
Understanding how the amount claimed as a deduction for personal exemptions is reduced as Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) increases beyond a specified threshold.
Exercise refers to the act of utilizing a right available in a contract. For example, in options, it involves buying the property, and in convertible securities, it means making the exchange.
An in-depth exploration of the Expectancy Theory of Motivation, its components, and its implications in various domains.
An in-depth exploration of expectations, their impact on consumer, investor, business, and government decisions, and their role in financial and economic analyses.
Detailed explanation of the concept of Expected Actual Capacity in various contexts, including its relevance in industries such as manufacturing, finance, and project management.
Expected Daily Utility represents the anticipated satisfaction or benefit derived by an individual from goods and services consumed within a day, integral to decision-making in economics.
Comprehensive explanation of the Expense Ratio, including its role in real estate and mutual funds, calculation methods, examples, and relevance.
An in-depth exploration of the Experience Curve, illustrating how unit costs decline as production volume increases due to various factors such as lower fixed costs per unit, increased skills, and lower material costs.
Expiration refers to the date on which a contract, agreement, license, magazine subscription, etc., ceases to be effective. In options trading, it denotes the last day an option can be exercised.
Exploitation refers to taking advantage of an individual or situation for one's gain, often in an unethical or unfair manner. It typically carries a negative connotation, such as paying illegal aliens sub-minimum wages for services.
Detailed explanation of government expropriation, legal considerations, historical context, and related terms.
Understanding the distinction between external changes, which originate outside the production system, and induced changes, which arise due to market and input variations affecting production processes.
External Diseconomies are actions that impose costs on individuals who are not involved in the transaction with the entity causing the costs, leading to socially inefficient resource allocation.
External Economies refer to benefits that are conferred to individuals who are not directly involved in economic transactions. This concept is significant in the study of market dynamics and public goods.
An in-depth guide to external funds, including sources like bank loans, bond offerings, and venture capital infusions, their types, applicability, historical context, and more.
Externalities are unintended side effects of economic activities that affect third parties; they can be either positive or negative.
Comprehensive details on extractive industries, including definitions, types, considerations, and historical context.
An extensive article delving into the different meanings and applications of the term 'Factors,' including economic resources, commission merchants, business intermediaries, and factoring agents.
An exploration into the principles and importance of fair competition in various industries, and the ramifications of unfair competitive practices.
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) is a federal law enacted in 1938 that sets minimum hourly wages and maximum working hours. It also mandates that employees receive time and a half for work beyond 40 hours in a week.
An in-depth exploration of Fair Market Rent, the amount a property would command if it were now available for lease, including its definition, types, considerations, examples, historical context, applicability, related terms, FAQs, references, and more.
An in-depth look into Fair Market Value — the price at which an asset or service changes hands between a willing seller and a willing buyer under normal conditions.
The Fair Rate of Return is a level of profit that a public utility is allowed to earn as determined by federal and/or state regulators. It ensures that utilities can maintain service, pay dividends, and invest in infrastructure.
Fair Trade in Retailing: Agreements between manufacturers and retailers to sell products at or above an agreed price. Historical overview and legislative impact.
An in-depth examination of the Family Life Cycle, detailing the stages from birth to death, its impact on buying behavior, and how family structure and roles evolve over time.
Comprehensive Definition of FARE, Including Types, Historical Context, and Related Terms
Comprehensive exploration of farms, their types, importance in agriculture and federal tax considerations.
Understanding farm surplus, its implications, and political considerations surrounding government intervention to maintain profitable price levels for farmers.
Comprehensive overview of the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA), detailing its role in providing assistance programs for homes and farms in rural areas, its reorganization, and the transition of its functions to the Farm Service Agency (FSA).
A comprehensive exploration of the favorable trade balance, where a nation's export value exceeds its import value, along with implications for the economy.
Featherbedding refers to work rules that require payment to employees for work that is not done or not needed. This concept is often associated with labor unions' efforts to protect existing jobs by prohibiting the use of new technology.
The Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation, commonly referred to as Farmer Mac, is a federal agency established in 1988 to provide a secondary market for farm mortgage loans.
An overview of the Federal Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC), a panel created by President Barack Obama in 2009 to investigate the causes of the financial crisis in the United States.
An in-depth exploration of federal deficit (surplus), causes, implications, types of government debt, historical context, and related terms.
A comprehensive guide to understanding the Federal Estate and Gift Tax, including definitions, the computation process, and special considerations.
An in-depth exploration of the Federal Farm Credit Bank and the Federal Farm Credit System, their roles, historical context, and impact on U.S. agriculture.
Understanding the Federal Funds Rate: an essential interest rate in the banking system, set daily by the market, crucial for meeting reserve requirements.
The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) is a U.S. government agency established in 2008 to oversee housing-related government-sponsored enterprises, including Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Banks.
An in-depth look into the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA), the federal law that mandates Social Security and Medicare taxes.
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is a key component of the Federal Reserve System responsible for setting short-term monetary policy for the United States. It consists of the seven governors of the Federal Reserve Board, the president of the New York Federal Reserve Bank, and the presidents of four other regional Federal Reserve Banks.
A detailed examination of the Federal Reserve Bank, one of the 12 regional banks that comprise the Federal Reserve System, responsible for overseeing regional commercial and savings banks and providing them with critical resources.
The Federal Reserve Board (FRB) is the governing board of the Federal Reserve System, responsible for setting key policies in banking regulations, reserve requirements, and monetary policies.
A comprehensive guide to Federal Reserve Districts, including their structure, roles, and historical context.
An in-depth exploration of Federal Reserve Notes, their history, function, and significance in the U.S. financial system.
Detailed explanation of the Federal Reserve System, its structure, main functions, and historical context.
Detailed explanation of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), its role in maintaining free enterprise and competition, and its historical significance.
The Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) establishes a federal framework for unemployment insurance, requiring employers to contribute to the federal unemployment fund based on employee wages, with provisions for state tax credits.
Fee in the context of real property refers to an estate of complete ownership that can be sold or devised to heirs. Additionally, a fee can signify the cost of professional services.
An exploration of fiat money, its definition, types, historical context, and economic implications.
FICA stands for Federal Insurance Contributions Act, a law enacted as part of the Social Security Act of 1935, mandating payroll taxes to fund Social Security and Medicare programs.
Final goods are products that are not currently used in the production of other goods, typically consumed by the end user.
A comprehensive guide to understanding finance charges, including interest and discount points, and their applications in various forms of credit.
A detailed guide on what financial advisers do, their types, the importance of their role, and considerations when choosing a financial adviser.
Financial assets encompass various forms of intangible assets such as stocks, bonds, rights, certificates, and bank balances, distinguishing them from tangible, physical assets like real property.
A comprehensive guide to financial markets, including their types, functions, examples, and related terms such as capital market and money market.
A method of inventory valuation in which the oldest inventory items are recorded as sold first.
An exploration of the term 'fiscal', encompassing its definitions, applications, historical context, and related terms in public finance and treasury management.
A comprehensive guide to understanding fiscal policy, including its definition, types, historical context, and impact on the economy.
An in-depth exploration of Fiscalist economists who advocate for the use of government taxation and spending to influence economic performance, in contrast to Monetarists who emphasize monetary policy.
The Fisher Effect explains the relationship between nominal interest rates and expected inflation rates, suggesting that interest rates adjust to reflect anticipated inflation.
A FIT situation occurs when the characteristics of a product, such as an investment, align seamlessly with the specific needs and preferences of a buyer, ensuring an optimal match and enhancing the likelihood of satisfaction and success.
A detailed explanation of fixation, the process of setting present or future prices of commodities by assessing market forces.
A comprehensive guide to fixed costs, their role in business, and how they contrast with variable and semivariable costs.
