Economics

Fixed Cost: A Key Component of Total Costs
Fixed cost represents expenses that do not change with the level of production or output. It is crucial for determining total and per-unit costs.
Fixed-Price Contract: A Comprehensive Overview
A Fixed-Price Contract is a type of contract where the price is predetermined and remains unchanged, regardless of the actual costs incurred during production.
Flat: Multiple Meanings and Usages
An in-depth exploration of the term 'flat' covering various contexts in finance, real estate, trading, and more.
Flat Rate: Fixed Per Unit Price Regardless of Quantity
An explanation of the flat rate pricing model, where the per unit price remains constant regardless of the number of units purchased or other factors. Used in various contexts including advertising and direct marketing.
Flat Tax: An Equitable Taxation System
An examination of the flat tax system, applied uniformly across all income levels, highlighting its economic implications and comparisons with progressive tax systems.
Flea Market: An Open-Air Display of Goods, Usually Secondhand
A flea market is an open-air marketplace where vendors sell secondhand goods, including antiques, collectibles, and various other items.
Flight to Quality: Understanding Safe-Haven Investments
Flight to Quality refers to the movement of capital from higher-risk investments to safer assets, such as U.S. Treasury bills, during periods of market uncertainty.
Floating Currency Exchange Rate: Market-Driven Currency Valuation
An in-depth exploration of the floating currency exchange rate system, where the value of a currency fluctuates based on market supply and demand, without direct governmental interventions.
Floating Debt: Short-Term Obligation Continuously Refinanced
Floating debt refers to the short-term obligations of a business or government that are continuously refinanced. Examples include bank loans due in one year, commercial paper, Treasury bills, and short-term Treasury notes.
Flow of Funds: Economic and Financial Dynamics
Comprehensive explanation of the 'Flow of Funds' concept in economics and municipal bonds, covering the transfer of funds through financial intermediaries and the priority of municipal revenues.
Fluctuation: Variations in Prices and Rates
Fluctuation refers to the change in prices or interest rates, either upward or downward, that can apply to the prices of stocks, bonds, commodities, or economic conditions.
FOB: Free On Board
A comprehensive explanation of the incoterm 'Free On Board' (FOB), including its definition, historical context, applications, and related terms.
Focused Factory: An Optimized Manufacturing Approach
The Focused Factory is a form of production limited to a very small number of products for a particular target market. This approach requires a smaller investment and allows developing a greater degree of expertise compared to a diversified manufacturing operation.
For-Profit Corporation: Purpose-Driven Profit Making
A For-Profit Corporation is an entity primarily organized with the objective of earning profits for its shareholders. This entry contrasts it with Nonprofit organizations and delves into its structure, advantages, and implications.
Forced Sale: Immediate Liquidation Without Optimal Valuation
A Forced Sale is a mandatory sale of an asset or property at less than its fair market value because the seller is compelled to sell urgently, often due to legal or financial pressures.
Forecast: Estimating Future Trends
Detailed exploration of forecasting techniques in economics and stock markets, covering methods, applications, and related concepts.
Foreign Direct Investment: A Comprehensive Guide
An in-depth look into Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), including its types, significance, historical context, examples, and impact on the economy.
Foreign Exchange Instruments: Tools for International Transactions
An in-depth exploration of the instruments used in foreign exchange, including paper currency, notes, checks, bills of exchange, and electronic notifications for international payments.
Foreign Investment: Overseas Financial Involvement
Foreign Investment involves the investment by citizens or governments of one country into industries of another country, or within a country by foreigners, including the implications of income tax treatment governed by tax treaties.
Foreign Trade Multiplier: Economic Measure of GDP Increase
The Foreign Trade Multiplier is a measure in economics that quantifies the increase in a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) resulting from the efficiencies and activities associated with foreign trade.
Foreign Trade Zone: Comprehensive Overview
A detailed examination of Foreign Trade Zones, their functions, benefits, and implications in international trade.
Forfeitable: Pension and Profit-Sharing Plan Benefits
Forfeitable benefits refer to the situation in which a participant in a pension or profit-sharing plan has no ownership rights until certain service or performance requirements are met.
Form Utility: Enhancing Marketability Through Physical Changes
An in-depth exploration of form utility, which enhances the marketability of a product by changing its physical characteristics to better meet consumer requirements.
Former Buyer: Analyzing Customer Retention and Prospecting
A detailed exploration of former buyers, who are previous customers that have not made additional purchases within a specified period, typically a year.
Forward Buying: Retail Practice
Forward Buying is a retail practice of purchasing more materials than immediately needed to take advantage of special discounts or trade allowances, or to increase profits.
Forward Contract: Detailed Financial Agreement Overview
A forward contract entails the actual future purchase or sale of a specific quantity of a commodity, financial instrument, or other asset at a price agreed upon today. Learn about its features, types, and real-world applications.
Franchise: A Comprehensive Overview
An in-depth look at the franchise model, covering types, examples, and its applicability in various industries.
Free and Open Market: Economic Concept Rooted in Supply and Demand
A market in which price is determined by the free, unregulated interchange of supply and demand. The opposite is a controlled market, where supply, demand, and price are artificially set.
Free Enterprise: Conduct of Business Without Direct Government Interference
Free Enterprise refers to an economic system where businesses operate with minimal government intervention, driven primarily by the laws of supply and demand, and capital is risked for profit-making pursuits.
Free Goods: Naturally Available and Priceless
Free Goods are resources that are abundant and available without the need for rationing, and hence have no market price.
Free Lunch: Expression Meaning Something Good Available at No Cost
The phrase 'Free Lunch' typically refers to something that seems to come at no cost, though the full expression 'there's no such thing as a free lunch' suggests that nothing is truly free.
Free Port: A Duty-Free Haven for Ships
A comprehensive explanation of Free Ports, their types, historical context, applicability, and related terms.
Free Riders: Non-Contributing Team Members
An in-depth look at the concept of 'Free Riders' within organizations, where individuals benefit from a group's efforts without making adequate contributions due to lack of individual responsibility.
Frictional Unemployment: Normal and Unavoidable Unemployment
Understanding Frictional Unemployment, its causes, examples, and impact. An in-depth analysis of this necessary and unavoidable type of unemployment that arises from people changing jobs, moving, and rearranging their economic activity.
Frictional Unemployment: Understanding Short-term Job Search Periods
A comprehensive discussion of frictional unemployment, its causes, implications, duration, and examples, along with historical context and related terms.
Friendly Takeover: Management and Board Supported Merger
A comprehensive exploration of a friendly takeover, where the target company's management and board of directors support the merger, considering it a fair value acquisition.
Frontage: Linear Distance of Land Along a Feature
Comprehensive understanding of frontage, which refers to the linear distance a piece of land extends along a lake, river, street, or highway, often priced per front foot.
Full Employment: Economic Indicator of Employment Levels
A comprehensive exploration of Full Employment, an economic condition where all available labor resources are being used in the most efficient way possible.
Full Retirement Age: Key Insights for Social Security Beneficiaries
Understanding the Full Retirement Age (FRA) is crucial for Social Security beneficiaries to optimize their retirement benefits. This entry examines the age requirements, historical context, and impacts on benefits.
Functional Obsolescence: Decline in Value Due to Changing Tastes or Technical Innovation
Functional obsolescence refers to the reduction in value of an asset due to its outdated features, often influenced by changing consumer preferences or advancements in technology.
Funding: An Essential Financial Concept
Explore the multi-faceted definition of funding, its roles in refinancing, investment, corporate finance, and project support.
FUTA: Federal Unemployment Tax Act
The Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) imposes a federal employer tax used to help fund state workforce agencies and unemployment benefits.
Future Worth (or Value) of One: Comprehensive Definition
Learn about the Future Worth (or Value) of One, also known as the Compound Amount of One. Understand its significance, calculation, historical context, and practical applications in finance, investments, and more.
G-10 Advisory Forum: Global Financial Cooperation
The G-10 Advisory Forum, established in 1962, plays a pivotal role in global financial coordination, consisting of finance ministers and central bank governors from eleven major economies. Its purpose is to address international monetary issues and enhance global economic stability.
G-Type Reorganization: Asset Transfer in Bankruptcy
A comprehensive guide to understanding G-Type Reorganization, a mechanism involving the transfer of a corporation's assets in bankruptcy to another corporation with tax-free or partially tax-free distribution of stocks or securities to shareholders.
G8: International Forum of Major Industrial Democracies
An in-depth look at G8, a forum of heads of state or government from major industrial democracies meeting annually since 1975 to address major economic and political challenges.
Gain Sharing: Employee Motivational Technique
Gain Sharing is a motivational technique in which employees are compensated for measurable performance gains in areas such as sales, customer satisfaction, and cost reductions, often given to teams for achieving specified goals.
Gainful Employment/Occupation: Definition and Context
Gainful Employment or Occupation refers to work that is suited to an individual's abilities and provides adequate income. In the context of disability insurance, it encompasses the ordinary employment of the insured or another job approximating the same livelihood, considering the person's circumstances and physical and mental capabilities.
Game Theory: Strategies and Decision Making under Uncertainty
Game Theory is the science applied to the actions of people and firms facing uncertainty, viewing private economic decisions as moves in a game where participants devise strategies aimed at achieving objectives like gaining market share and increasing revenue.
Garage Sale: Community-Based Secondhand Markets
A garage sale, also known as a tag sale, is an informal event where households sell used goods directly to buyers. These sales are typically held in garages, driveways, or yards.
Garnishee: The Custodian of Assets in Legal Disputes
A garnishee is an entity or individual who, upon receiving a legal notice, is required to hold assets that belong to another person until the conclusion of legal proceedings.
Gas Guzzler Tax: Understanding Its Implementation and Impact
The Gas Guzzler Tax is a federal tax imposed on the sale, use, or lease of vehicles that do not meet specific fuel economy standards. Learn its history, applicability, and impact on consumers and manufacturers.
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade): Overview and Impact
An in-depth exploration of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), its historical context, evolution into the World Trade Organization (WTO), and its ongoing implications in international trade.
General Equilibrium Analysis: Comprehensive Examination of Market Relationships
General Equilibrium Analysis represents a complex and systematic theoretical model in economics, including all markets simultaneously. It is utilized to examine relationships among markets, ensuring a thorough understanding of inter-market dependencies and equilibriums.
General Retirement System: Pension Systems and Annuities for State Employees
Overview of the General Retirement System, focusing on pension, annuity, and retirement funds established by states or political subdivisions for their employees.
General Revenue: Comprehensive Overview for State and Local Governments
An in-depth look at General Revenue in state and local governments, encompassing the total revenue less income from utilities, sales of alcoholic beverages, and insurance trusts.
General Strike: Coordinated Work Stoppage for Advocacy
A comprehensive overview of General Strikes, coordinated work stoppages aimed at pressuring management or government for contract terms, grievance resolutions, or union recognition.
Generic Market: Broad Group of Buyers with General Needs
Comprehensive explanation of a generic market, covering its definition, types, characteristics, examples, historical context, and related terms in Economics and Marketing.
Geometric Mean: A Fundamental Statistical Measure
A comprehensive guide to understanding the Geometric Mean, its applications, calculations, and significance in the fields of statistics, economics, finance, and more.
GI Loan: Veterans Administration
An overview of the GI Loan provided by the Veterans Administration to help veterans secure home loans with favorable terms.
Gift: Voluntary Transfer of Property Without Consideration
A comprehensive encyclopedia entry explaining the concept of a gift as a voluntary transfer of property made without consideration, including related terms like taxable gift and gift tax.
Global Fisher Effect: Economic Equilibrium Concept
An economic equilibrium that exhibits an equality of expected real interest rates among countries when there are no restrictions on international trade, credit, and currency exchanges.
Glut: Overproduction of a Good or Service
A comprehensive overview of 'glut,' detailing its causes, implications, and examples in various economic contexts.
Goal: Individual or Organizational Objective Target
A goal is an individual or organizational objective intended to be achieved within a specific time period. For example, an organizational goal might be to become the market leader in a particular product category by the end of the following year.
Goal Programming: Multi-Objective Optimization in Linear Programming
Explore the dynamics of Goal Programming — a form of linear programming that deals with the consideration of multiple, often conflicting goals. Understand its application, methods, and scope, along with relevant examples and historical context.
Gold Fixing: Daily Determination of Gold Prices by Specialists
The process of daily gold price determination by selected gold specialists and bank officials in major financial centers like London, Paris, and Zurich. Prices are fixed at specific times each business day.
Gold Standard: A Monetary System Tied to Gold
A comprehensive overview of the Gold Standard, its history, mechanisms, benefits, and limitations. Understand the anti-inflationary aspects of this system and its historical context in the United States.
Golden Handshake: Early Retirement Incentives
Comprehensive entry covering the concept of a Golden Handshake, including its definition, types of incentives, historical context, and applicability in various sectors.
Golden Parachute: Lucrative Contracts for Executives
Golden Parachutes are lucrative contracts provided to top executives that offer lavish benefits in the event of a company takeover. These benefits often include severance pay, stock options, and bonuses.
Goldilocks Economy: Balance in Economic Growth and Inflation
A term coined in the mid-1990s describing an economy with steady growth and nominal inflation, akin to the 'just right' porridge in the fairy tale.
Goods: Species of Property
Goods refer to tangible property that is not real estate, chose in action, or investment securities, including items used in commerce or personal use.
Goods and Services: Key Concepts in Economics
A comprehensive exploration of goods and services, defining their roles, types, and impact in an economy.
Government Budget: Comprehensive Overview
An in-depth examination of the concept, types, and implications of a government budget, covering its anticipated expenditures on goods and services.
Government-Sponsored Enterprise (GSE): Quasi-Governmental Organizations
An in-depth look at Government-Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs), including their definition, characteristics, historical context, and examples such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC).

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