An in-depth look at the concept of levy, from taxation to legal enforcement, and its historical context and modern implications.
Lexis is an extensive online database for legal research, featuring a variety of resources including the Federal Tax library with the full text of the Internal Revenue Code, regulations, revenue rulings, and court decisions, particularly beneficial for tax practitioners.
An in-depth exploration of License Laws that govern various licensed occupations, including their definitions, types, examples, historical context, significance, and related concepts.
A comprehensive evaluation process that assesses the competency and qualifications of prospective licensees to ensure they are equipped to represent and serve the public effectively.
Detailed explanation of lobbying expenditures, their definitions, regulations, implications, and historical context.
A comprehensive guide about lobbyists, their roles, responsibilities, historical context, types, and their impact on legislation and policy.
A detailed exploration of loopholes, focusing on their definition, usage, historical context, and implications for various fields including taxation, finance, and law.
An economy where significant government intervention directs economic activity, differing greatly between socialist, communist, and capitalist systems.
A comprehensive guide on the Married Filing Jointly status, its benefits, considerations, and potential drawbacks including the marriage penalty.
Understanding the definition, implications, and filing status options for married taxpayers.
An in-depth exploration of Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSAs), their definitions, criteria, historical context, and significance in demographic and economic analysis.
A comprehensive overview of the concept of minimum wage, the lowest allowable hourly wage permitted by the government or a union contract for an employee performing a particular job.
A mixed economic system blends free-market principles with government intervention to allocate resources and regulate prices, as seen in the U.S. economy.
Comprehensive Guide to Modified Accrual Basis Accounting in Government Entities
An in-depth look into mortgage modification, its legislative background, and U.S. Treasury Department initiatives designed to help lenders avoid foreclosure.
An in-depth exploration of the Most Favored Nation (MFN) designation, a trade status granted by the U.S. to lower tariffs and other barriers for imports. It also encompasses assistance from the Export-Import Bank.
The Multistate Tax Commission (MTC) is an organization aimed at maintaining uniform tax policies and ensuring fair interstate taxation in the United States.
Comprehensive coverage and insights into the National Flood Insurance Program, its history, application, and significance in the insurance sector.
The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), also known as the Wagner Act of 1935, is a federal statute that established collective bargaining and created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to supervise elections and combat unfair labor practices.
The National Mediation Board, established by the Railway Labor Act in 1926, is a three-member board responsible for designating the bargaining representative for any bargaining unit within the railway or air transport industries.
Nationalization refers to the process through which a government takes control of privately-owned assets or operations, potentially with or without compensation to the affected company.
A comprehensive overview of Negotiated Market Price, highlighting its significance in circumstances influenced by wartime restrictions, unexpected shortages, or natural monopoly situations.
A comprehensive look at the New Deal, a collection of political and economic policies and programs promulgated by the first two administrations of President Franklin D. Roosevelt aimed at combating the economic miseries of the Great Depression.
Nexus refers to a sufficient presence within the jurisdiction of a taxing authority, determining the taxable income of a multistate corporation that may be apportioned to a specific state.
Nonacquiescence refers to a situation where a court or agency announces that it will not follow a particular court decision, often to maintain a different legal interpretation.
A detailed examination of Nonconforming Use, a term referring to land use that was lawful before a zoning ordinance, and that can be maintained despite new regulations.
Understanding Nonfeasance: Nonperformance of a legal duty or responsibility, often seen in unfulfilled contractual obligations.
A nonprofit organization is an association allowed to exist without paying income taxes, typically engaged in socially desirable activities. This guide provides a detailed understanding of nonprofit organizations, their benefits, requirements, and examples.
In-depth exploration of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), its historical context, key provisions, economic impacts, and its replacement, the USMCA.
The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is a system for classifying business activities, developed jointly by the United States, Canada, and Mexico. It uses six-digit codes and replaces the U.S. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. This framework is integral for measuring productivity, constructing input-output relationships, and estimating employment-output relationships and other statistical measures.
Attest, in one's capacity as a Notary Public, to the genuineness of a signature or document.
An in-depth examination of the IRS Notice of Deficiency, its significance, and how taxpayers should respond.
A comprehensive exploration of the economic policies championed by President Barack Obama aimed at economic recovery and reform, emphasizing increased government involvement in various sectors.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) administers and enforces mandates to ensure safety and health in U.S. workplaces. This entry explores its roles, regulations, impact, and historical context.
Occupational taxes are state or local taxes applied to various trades or businesses, including fees for licenses and permits to practice professions like accounting, law, and medicine.
Comprehensive Guide on OCONUS including Federal Per Diem Rates, Regulations, and Practical Information
A detailed examination of off-budget federal programs, which are not counted toward federal budget limits due to current legal provisions. Examples include Social Security and the United States Postal Service, as well as supplemental appropriations for emergencies.
The Office of Interstate Land Sales Registration (OILSR) is a division within the Department of Housing and Urban Development responsible for overseeing the sale of building lots or recreational lots that occur across state borders.
An Ombudsman is a government or organizational official who represents and resolves citizen or stakeholder complaints and inquiries.
A comprehensive examination of opinions in a legal context, including different types, historical significance, and related terminologies.
An ordinance is a local law enacted by a city council or similar governing body that applies within the local jurisdiction and carries the same force as a statute when duly enacted.
An overview of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), its functions, regulations, and impact on workplace safety and health.
A comprehensive overview of laws and regulations governing packaging, including safety standards, environmental concerns, and consumer protections.
An in-depth exploration of Partial Taking, a legal process involving the acquisition by condemnation of only part of a property or some property rights, necessitating just compensation.
A Passport is an official document issued by a country to its citizen, which identifies that person and allows travel to foreign countries. It also provides its holder entry to a particular place.
The Patent Appeals Court is a specialized judiciary that reviews decisions related to patent disputes and intellectual property laws.
Detailed examination of the U.S. Patent Office and its role in granting protections to registered inventions.
PEFCO, or Private Export Funding Corporation, was established by the U.S. government to facilitate the unsubsidized funding of U.S. exports, providing crucial financial services to bolster international trade.
The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) is a pivotal federal organization established under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) to guarantee basic pension benefits, manage terminated plans, and secure corporate asset liens for unfunded pension liabilities. This entry delves into its operations, funding, and coverage conditions.
Congressional pension reform legislation designed to encourage individual retirement savings and enforce stricter regulation on employer-funded plans, also affecting charitable contributions, long-term care, college savings plans, and assistance for employees with 403(b) and 401(k) plans.
A permit is a document issued by a government regulatory authority that grants the bearer permission to undertake a specific action. Learn about different types of permits, their applications, and legal considerations.
A comprehensive explanation of perquisites of office and their tax implications when used for personal or family purposes.
Detailed explanation of the phaseout of personal exemptions, including its history, the mechanics behind it, examples, and its implications in the context of tax regulations.
Comprehensive definition and analysis of the role of a petitioner in legal proceedings, especially in the context of tax disputes and appeals within the court system, including an explanation of related terms and historical context.
A detailed analysis of the role, responsibilities, and regulations related to plan sponsors, including examples and historical context.
A detailed exploration of a Planned Economy, where government planning predominantly directs economic activity, minimizing the influence of market forces. Common in socialist and communist systems.
A detailed explanation of the planning commission, its role, structure, and significance in local government.
A plat is a detailed map drawing that delineates the boundaries of a specific land area, including lots, easements, and streets.
An exploration of the inherent power of governments to impose restrictions on private rights to promote and maintain public health, safety, morals, and general welfare.
A detailed overview of Political Action Committees (PACs), including their formation, functions, regulatory framework, and impact on electoral finance.
The poll tax is a nominal lump-sum tax imposed on individuals as a requirement for voting in public elections. Historically used to discourage low-income citizens from voting, it has been ruled unconstitutional in the United States.
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) is an amendment to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination based on pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions. This act mandates that pregnant employees are treated the same as other employees with similar work abilities or limitations.
A comprehensive explanation of price support mechanisms, their types, historical context, examples, and implications on the economy and society.
Privacy Laws in the United States mandated by the Privacy Act of 1974 require mailing list owners to inform individuals that their information is being rented and provide opt-out options.
A detailed article exploring the Private Ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), its historical context, current significance, limitations, and implications for taxpayers.
Comprehensive overview of privatization, including its process, types, advantages, disadvantages, historical context, and global examples.
The IRS Problem Resolution Program is designed to help taxpayers who are experiencing difficulties in resolving issues with the IRS. This program ensures that taxpayers have a platform to get their voices heard and seek resolution for their problems.
A comprehensive overview of progressive tax systems, their function, implementation, and impact on different economic classes.
A detailed overview of the Property Report required by the Interstate Land Sale Act for the sale of subdivisions with 50 lots or more.
An in-depth look at the Proxy Statement, which encompasses essential information mandated by the SEC for shareholders before proxy voting.
Public Choice is a field that applies economic theory to analyze the decision-making processes, behaviors, and outcomes in the public sector, especially in relation to the demand and supply of government services. Analysts treat the public sector as a supplier focused on maximizing its welfare and supporting incumbent politicians' reelection.
Public goods are products or services that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, typically managed by the government for optimal utilization.
A comprehensive overview of Public Housing, government-owned housing units made available to low-income individuals and families for nominal rental rates.
Public Housing Authority Bonds are financial instruments issued by local public housing agencies, secured by an agreement with the Department of Housing and Urban Development. These bonds facilitate funding for local housing projects by ensuring federal loans to cover principal and interest to maturity.
A comprehensive exploration of the concept of Public Interest, its definitions, implications, types, historical context, and relevance across various sectors.
Public land refers to acreage held by the government for various conservation purposes, including limited activities such as grazing, wildlife management, recreation, timbering, mineral development, and hunting.
Public Law encompasses constitutional, statutory, or judicial laws developed by governments and applied equally to the general public. It contrasts distinctly from Private Law, which governs relationships between individuals.
Understanding the concept of Public Purpose as it relates to the government's power of Eminent Domain and significant legal decisions like the New London, Connecticut, decision.
Public Use refers to the right of the public to use or benefit from the use of property condemned by the government through the exercise of its power of eminent domain. This entry explores the concept, limitations, and applications of public use.
A comprehensive overview of public utilities, their nature as natural monopolies, government regulations, and the evolving landscape of deregulation and competition.
An in-depth exploration of public works, detailing their importance, examples, types, historical context, and implications.
Pump priming is an economic policy that increases government expenditures and/or reduces taxes to stimulate economic growth.
A comprehensive guide to understanding qualified charities, their requirements, benefits, and distinctions in tax laws.
Comprehensive overview of who qualifies as a 'Qualifying Person' for the purposes of filing as Head of Household on tax returns, including children, relatives, and special considerations.
Detailed explanation of quarterly returns, including employment and estimated tax returns, such as Forms 941, 942, and 943, and state unemployment tax returns, due quarterly to report gross wages paid and withholdings of income tax, Social Security tax, and Medicare tax.
An in-depth exploration of the Racketeer-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), focusing on its purpose, application, and significance in combatting organized crime.
The Railroad Retirement Act of 1935: Established retirement benefits for American railroad workers and their families, funded by a separate system from Social Security.
The Rate Base is the value established for a utility by a regulatory body, serving as the foundation on which the company is permitted to earn a specified rate of return.
An in-depth exploration of Rate Setting, its mechanisms, importance, and the role of public service utility commissions in the establishment of utility rates.
Ratification is the act of giving formal consent to a contract or other act that would not be legally binding without such approval.
An in-depth look at the state agencies responsible for enforcing real estate license laws and regulations.
Comprehensive look at the process of reassessment, spanning general review processes and specific applications in real estate to update property value estimates for tax purposes.
A detailed examination of the recall study process conducted by manufacturers or governments to determine the necessity of a product recall based on defect severity.
An in-depth examination of recalls, including the process, government involvement, and related terminology in the context of defective products and safety hazards.
An in-depth exploration of red tape, the concept of requiring extensive paperwork and multiple approvals in bureaucratic processes.
Redlining is an illegal practice involving the refusal to originate mortgage loans in certain neighborhoods based on race or ethnic composition. The term stems from the alleged practice of drawing red lines on maps to mark off-limit areas for loan approvals.
A referee is a quasijudicial officer appointed by a court for specific purposes, vested with the powers and duties to take testimony, determine issues of fact, and report findings to be used as a basis for court judgment.
Registered Mail is a premium service offered by the U.S. Postal Service that ensures the safest way to send valuables, by providing proof of mailing and delivery, and up to $25,000 of insurance.
An in-depth look at industries significantly regulated by government, including examples, types of regulations, and historical context.
Regulation D of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) outlines the rules and conditions necessary for private offering (private placement) exemptions, enabling companies to raise capital without public registration.
