The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a U.S. federal agency that develops and promotes measurement standards.
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is a U.S. government agency responsible for enforcing labor laws related to unfair labor practices (ULPs).
Explore the concept of Nominal Protection, the proportional price increase in imported goods due to tariffs, in contrast with effective protection. This comprehensive article provides detailed explanations, historical context, types, key events, models, examples, related terms, and more.
An in-depth exploration of the concept of Non-Domicile, its history, types, importance, and application, with key events, examples, and related terms.
A Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) is a private entity operating independently of government, primarily for charitable or social purposes. This entry explores the history, types, significance, and examples of NGOs.
An NGO is an independent voluntary association of people working together for a common purpose, excluding government offices, profit-earning, and illegal activities. Examples include Oxfam and Médecins Sans Frontières.
An exploration of non-interventionism, its historical context, key events, types, and significance in global politics. This article provides a detailed understanding of non-interventionism, illustrated with examples, key considerations, and related terms.
A comprehensive guide to non-marketed economic activities, their types, historical context, importance, applicability, and key considerations.
An in-depth look at Non-Prosecution Agreements (NPAs), their historical context, key events, applications, and more.
Non-tariff barriers (NTBs) are trade restrictions that countries use to control the amount of trade across their borders without imposing traditional tariffs.
A geographic region that fails to meet one or more of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
An in-depth exploration of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), its historical context, key events, impact, and more.
Notarization involves the official act of certifying documents by a notary public, confirming the identity of the signatory and fulfilling legal formalities.
A notary seal is an official seal used by a notary public to authenticate documents, ensuring their validity and adherence to legal requirements.
The Nudge Unit, also known as the Behavioural Insights Team, uses principles of behavioural science to improve public policy and services.
A federal program in Canada that provides a monthly payment to eligible seniors to support their financial needs.
A comprehensive overview of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), commonly known as Obamacare, its history, features, impact, and ongoing debates.
A detailed examination of the Objective 1 Region in the European Union, its historical context, significance, and impact.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) is a landmark piece of legislation aimed at ensuring safe and healthful working conditions for employees by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education, and assistance.
A comprehensive overview of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a U.S. federal agency responsible for ensuring safe and healthy working conditions by enforcing standards and providing workplace safety training.
Government aid designed to promote economic development and welfare, enhancing global cooperation.
An international organization fostering economic growth and development among its member countries through collaborative efforts.
A comprehensive international treaty designed to combat bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions, established by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
An in-depth exploration of the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR), its functions, history, importance, and role in the UK public finance system.
The Office of Fair Trading (OFT), established in 1973, was a UK government department focused on enforcing competition law and consumer protection regulations. It was abolished in 2014, with its functions largely transferred to the Competition and Markets Authority.
An in-depth exploration of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP), its historical context, functions, and impact on federal procurement processes.
A comprehensive look at the Office of Telecommunications (Oftel), its history, functions, and importance in regulating the UK telephone industry.
The Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) was a regulatory agency that supervised and regulated thrift institutions in the United States. Created by FIRREA, the OTS was later integrated into other regulatory bodies.
An in-depth exploration of Official Development Assistance (ODA), its historical context, categories, key events, mathematical models, importance, and applicability in global development.
Official Development Assistance (ODA) refers to government aid aimed at promoting economic development in developing countries. This article explores the historical context, types, key events, formulas, charts, importance, applicability, examples, and more.
A comprehensive overview of oil embargos, exploring their historical context, key events, economic implications, and long-term effects.
The Office of Interstate Land Sales Registration (OILSR) within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is tasked with the enforcement of the Interstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act. This ensures transparency and protection for consumers in land purchases.
Old Age Security (OAS) is a federal program that provides a monthly benefit to Canadians aged 65 and older. This comprehensive article delves into the history, eligibility, and importance of OAS, alongside key events and practical considerations for applicants.
On-budget programs require annual appropriations by governmental bodies and significantly impact the overall budget deficit or surplus. Understanding these programs is essential for comprehending government fiscal policy and budget management.
An in-depth look at the Office for National Statistics (ONS), its historical context, roles, and significance.
Exploring the intricacies of opaque policy measures, where decision-making processes and costs remain obscure.
Opportunity Zones offer federal tax incentives to attract investments in economically underserved areas, fostering economic growth and development.
An ordinance violation refers to an infraction of local laws and regulations, which are enacted by municipal or county governments. These violations can sometimes be classified as misdemeanors depending on the severity and jurisdiction.
A comprehensive exploration of the organized sector, including historical context, categories, key events, and detailed explanations. Learn about its importance, applicability, related terms, comparisons, and more.
Original jurisdiction refers to the authority of a court to hear a case for the first time, as opposed to reviewing a lower court's decision.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the regulatory body within the U.S. Department of Labor, responsible for enforcing workplace safety and health legislation.
An in-depth look at various stimulus measures employed to bolster the economy during a recession, including historical context, types, key events, examples, and much more.
An in-depth analysis of the use of multiple policy instruments by governments to minimize side-effects and mitigate uncertainties.
An in-depth exploration of the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), its historical context, key provisions, importance, and impact on reducing paperwork burdens on the public.
A government-owned corporation involved in providing public services that also compete in the market.
A detailed exploration of partial exemption in value added tax legislation, its historical context, types, and key considerations.
An in-depth look at the role and responsibilities of a Patent Examiner in evaluating patent applications to ensure compliance with legal standards.
Detailed Explanation of the PAYE System Where Income Tax and National Insurance Contributions (NICs) Are Collected Directly from an Employee's Wages
An overview of the PAYE system, which is the UK system of collection of income tax on earned incomes at source. Employers deduct personal income tax and National Insurance contributions from employees' earnings at the time of payment.
A comprehensive guide to PAYE (Pay As You Earn), its historical context, functioning, key events, importance, and more.
The Peace Dividend refers to the resources made available for other purposes if a reduction in international tension allows for cuts in defense expenditure. This concept emphasizes reallocation of funds from military to civilian sectors, fostering economic growth, and enhancing public services.
An in-depth exploration of the penalty imposed for repeated errors, particularly in contexts such as taxation, customs, and accounting. Learn about its significance, historical context, types, key events, detailed explanations, and more.
The Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation (PBGC) is a federal agency created to protect the retirement incomes of American workers in private-sector defined benefit pension plans.
Legislation aimed at strengthening pension plan funding requirements.
A comprehensive guide to the Pension Protection Act (PPA), its amendments to ERISA, and its implications for the funding of pension plans and protection of workers' benefits.
The Pensions Act 2014 is a significant piece of legislation in the United Kingdom that introduced the New State Pension, affecting how pensions are calculated and received.
An in-depth look at the Pensions Regulator, the UK body tasked with safeguarding the benefits of those in work-based pension schemes, including occupational schemes and employer-based schemes.
Performance budgeting emphasizes outcomes and results, measuring performance indicators to ensure effective resource allocation.
An exploration of Performance-Based Regulation (PBR), a regulatory approach that links revenues to performance metrics instead of costs.
Understanding the Peril Point in Tariff Policy and its Historical Context, Categories, Key Events, and Modern Relevance
A comprehensive insight into the concept of Permanent Establishment (PE), its definition, types, examples, historical context, and related terms.
An in-depth exploration of permanent injunctions, their historical context, applications in law, key events, and legal implications.
Understanding the term 'Permanent Resident,' including its definition, rights, types, application process, historical context, and related terms.
A comprehensive overview of Permit Mail, including its historical context, types, key events, regulations, and relevance in modern postal systems.
An in-depth look at 'Permit to Pollute,' a regulatory approach to managing pollution through market-based mechanisms such as tradable permits.
A comprehensive exploration of the Petroleum Revenue Tax, its historical significance, types, and implications for the oil and gas industry in the UK.
A comprehensive overview of the Private Finance Initiative (PFI), its history, key events, importance, applicability, and comparisons with other public-private partnership models.
A comprehensive guide on physical nexus, its historical context, types, key events, importance, applicability, examples, and related terms.
Phytosanitary measures involve trade restrictions designed to protect the health of humans, animals, or plants. These measures are crucial to preventing the spread of diseases, although there is a risk they may be misused for protecting domestic industries.
A comprehensive look into the Primary Insurance Amount (PIA), which determines the benefit received in Social Security and related programs.
An in-depth look into Public Interest Entities (PIEs), covering their definition, historical context, key characteristics, importance, regulatory framework, and their role in the financial and economic landscape.
A Pigouvian Tax is a tax imposed to correct negative externalities, designed to align private costs with the social costs of economic activities.
A Pigouvian tax is levied to correct market failures arising from externalities. This article covers its definition, historical context, types, key events, detailed explanations, mathematical formulas, importance, applicability, examples, considerations, and related terms.
A comprehensive guide to understanding land-use planning, its importance, categories, and its impact on society.
A comprehensive guide to understanding Planning Permission, its historical context, types, key events, detailed explanations, and its significance in real estate and land development.
Pluralism is a condition or system in which multiple groups, with diverse perspectives, coexist and have a say in governance. It is an essential principle in democratic societies, promoting inclusivity and balance.
Policy coordination refers to the collaborative choice of policy by two or more policy-makers, often aimed at improving national fiscal and monetary outcomes through international cooperation.
A comprehensive examination of Poll Tax, including its historical context, types, key events, applicability, and related terms.
Pollution standards represent regulatory measures to control and limit the maximum acceptable level of pollutants released into the environment. They are critical for maintaining public health and ecological balance.
A comprehensive account of the population, typically conducted by a government to gather demographic information.
A comprehensive exploration of Population Census, its historical context, types, significance, and methodologies, including real-world applications, key events, and related concepts.
Pork Barrel refers to government spending for localized projects secured primarily to bring money to a representative's district, often criticized for being motivated by political gain rather than public need.
Measures aimed at favoring underrepresented or disadvantaged groups to promote gender balance and equality.
An exploration into the benefits experienced by third parties when a good or service is consumed, and how they impact society and the economy.
A comprehensive overview of the Post Office, its functions, history, and modern relevance.
An updated version of the G.I. Bill specifically designed to support veterans who served after September 11, 2001. This bill offers financial assistance for education and housing to eligible veterans.
Postal Inspection refers to the examination of mail contents by postal authorities to ensure compliance with regulations, ensuring both safety and legality of mail services.
Detailed exploration of postal rates including historical context, types, key events, formulas, importance, and examples.
A comprehensive exploration of the poverty line, encompassing its definitions, types, historical context, and socioeconomic implications.
A comprehensive approach to management that integrates the planning, programming, and budgeting processes for effective resource allocation.
A comprehensive overview of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), including historical context, types, key events, and importance in modern economies.
An in-depth look at two essential concepts in economics and finance: Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), including historical context, key events, detailed explanations, mathematical formulas, applicability, and more.
An in-depth look at the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA), including its history, functions, importance, and more.
A comprehensive guide to the Pre-Budget Report (PBR) in the UK, detailing its purpose, historical context, importance, and key elements.
A comprehensive guide to IRS Form 8850, used to identify eligibility for the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC).
An in-depth exploration of the Preceding-Year Basis (PYB) as a taxation method, covering its historical context, application, importance, examples, and related terms.
A precept is an official command issued by the Commissioners of Inland Revenue requiring a taxpayer to provide specified documents by a designated deadline.
A comprehensive guide to understanding Premium Bonds, a UK government security that combines savings with lottery-style winnings, offering tax-free prizes to bondholders.
A refundable tax credit designed to assist eligible individuals and families in affording health insurance purchased through the Health Insurance Marketplace.
A credit designed to help eligible individuals and families afford health insurance purchased through the Health Insurance Marketplace.
