Excludability refers to the degree to which consumption of a good can be restricted to paying customers. This concept is fundamental in understanding the allocation of resources, market functioning, and economic efficiency.
An impure public good exhibits some but not all characteristics of a public good, involving elements of non-excludability and non-rivalrous consumption.
Collective goods are goods consumed simultaneously by multiple consumers, such as streets, roads, police protection, fire protection, and national defense. These goods are provided by the government as they cannot be efficiently priced or quantified by markets.
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