Social Sciences

Ballot: Definition and Significance
A comprehensive exploration into the concept, types, and processes of ballots, particularly focusing on their use in voting and union representation in work groups.
Bargaining: Negotiating for Better Price, Terms, Working Conditions, etc.
The process of negotiations between two or more parties to reach an agreement, often involving pricing, purchasing terms, and working conditions. See also Collective Bargaining and Pattern Bargaining.
Behavior Modification: Techniques and Applications
Comprehensive overview of behavior modification including definitions, methods, examples, historical context, applicability, and related terms.
Black Market: An Overview of Unregulated Transactions
In-depth exploration of black markets, where commodities and goods exchange occurs outside of government-regulated systems. This entry covers historical context, current examples, related terms, and socio-economic implications.
Bleed: Understanding the Concept of Extortion
Bleed refers to the act of obtaining an excessive amount of money or other things of value from a person, usually under a threat of grave harm. It is a form of extortion.
Blog: An Online Journal or Newsletter
A blog, short for Web log, is an online journal or newsletter that is frequently updated and intended for public consumption. Typically presented in reverse chronological order, blogs are published using simple, accessible software.
Body Language: Nonverbal and Often Unintended Communication
Body Language refers to nonverbal and often unintended communication through facial expressions, head movements, eye contact, hand gestures, body positions, tones of voice, and more. It expresses emotions, feelings, and attitudes.
Bourgeoisie: Class Concept in Marxist Economics
An in-depth look into the concept of Bourgeoisie, its role in class structure, economic implications, historical context, and its theory and application in Marxist Economics.
Boycott: A Comprehensive Understanding
An in-depth look at the concept of boycott, which involves refraining from commercial dealings with a firm through coordinated efforts.
Bulletin Board Service (BBS): An Overview
An in-depth exploration of Bulletin Board Services (BBS), their historical context, functionality, and impact on online communication.
Bureaucrat: Definition and Role in Government
A comprehensive definition of a bureaucrat, including the role, characteristics, history, and impact of bureaucrats in government.
Buyer Behavior: Understanding Consumer Actions
An in-depth look at how personality, sociodemographic characteristics, and lifestyle affect buyer behavior, essential to modern marketing.
Buzz Words: Slang Words or Phrases Used by an In-Group
Buzz words are slang words or phrases used by an in-group, often having imprecise meaning but sounding impressive to outsiders. They can eventually become standard English usage.
Capitalism: Economic System Based on Private Ownership and Profit Motive
Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private ownership, where income from property or capital accrues to individuals or firms that own it, competition is encouraged, and profit motive is fundamental.
Chutzpah: Unmitigated Gall and Heroic Audacity
Chutzpah represents audacity or guts, often seen as unmitigated gall or brazen behavior, but in some business contexts, it is viewed as a positive attribute necessary for entrepreneurial success.
Citizen: Definition and Context
Comprehensive overview of the term 'Citizen,' its legal, historical, and social context, applicability, and related terms.
Civil Liability: Legal Accountability for Negligent Acts or Omissions
Understanding Civil Liability: Legal implications for negligent acts and omissions, distinct from breaches of contract, with remedies provided in a court of law.
Civil Rights: Rights Protected by the U.S. Constitution
Civil Rights encompass a broad range of rights protected by the U.S. Constitution, enforceable through court actions, including but not limited to the right to own property, utilize the courts, marry, contract, and obtain other legally prescribed benefits.
Civil Wrong: Definition and Implications
An in-depth exploration of civil wrongs, including their types, legal implications, historical context, and examples.
Class Struggle: Antagonism Between Social Classes
The conflict arising out of differing economic and social interests, first identified by Karl Marx. An analysis of historical context, manifestations, and examples of class struggle.
Closed Union: A Specialized Labor Practice
An exploration of the 'Closed Union,' also known as a 'Closed Shop,' in labor laws and employment practices. This article discusses its definitions, types, examples, historical context, applicability, comparisons, related terms, FAQs, and references.
Coase Theorem: The Market Solution to Externalities
An in-depth analysis of the Coase Theorem, which posits that markets can address externalities through negotiation without the need for government intervention.
Colleague: Definition and Importance
A colleague is a fellow member of a profession, association, occupation, or organization. They are vital for mutual consultations, discussions, and fostering professional friendships.
Communism: Theory and Practice
An in-depth exploration of Communism, including its theoretical foundations, practical implementations, historical context, and key principles.
Commuter: Frequently Travels Between Two Places
Individuals who frequently travel between two locations, especially between a residential suburb and a working city.
Comparable Worth: Employment Theory and Compensation
Comparable Worth is an employment theory advocating for compensation based on the value of the job to the organization rather than who holds the position. This principle is particularly significant in addressing gender pay disparities.
Comparative Negligence: A Principle of Tort Law
Comparative Negligence is a legal concept in tort law that allocates the amount of fault assigned to each party in an accident, and it determines the extent to which each party can claim damages.
Con Artist: Practitioner of Fraud and Deception
A Con Artist, also known as a con man, is an individual who engages in fraud or theft by deception, often gaining the victim's confidence to exploit their desire for undue benefits.
Condemn: Overview and Implications
Understanding the concept of 'condemn' in legal and societal contexts, including definitions, types, historical context, and related terms.
Confidential: An In-depth Overview of Privacy and Secrecy
Confidentiality pertains to private or secret information that is treated with trust, ensuring that it will not be disclosed to unauthorized parties. Learn about the different types, historical context, and examples such as attorney-client confidentiality.
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO): Historical Union Movement
An in-depth study of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), a pivotal union movement in American labor history, and its impact after merging to form the AFL-CIO.
Constructive Notice: Legal Presumption of Notice
An in-depth exploration of Constructive Notice and its implications in law, real estate, and general applications. Includes types, historical context, examples, and related terms.
Consumerism: Public Concern Over Consumer Rights
A comprehensive exploration of consumerism, detailing the public concern over the rights of consumers, the quality of consumer goods, and the honesty of advertising.
Core Values: Fundamental Beliefs Guiding Behavior
Core Values represent the fundamental beliefs that guide behaviors, decisions, and actions within an organization. Closely related to a company's credo, these values are crucial for shaping culture and ethical standards.
Counsel: Attorney or Legal Adviser
Definition and comprehensive details about Counsel, including its meaning, types, examples, historical context, and applicability in modern contexts.
Crime: Definition and Implications
Crime: A comprehensive definition and understanding of a wrong determined by the government as injurious to the public, inclusive of felonies and misdemeanors.
Criminal Liability: Legal Accountability for Violations Against the State
Comprehensive examination of criminal liability, its definition, types, considerations, applicable cases, historical context, and distinctions from other forms of liability.
Custody: Definition and Contexts in Property and Persons
A comprehensive examination of custody, highlighting its application to property and persons, including legal implications and historical context.
De Facto: In Fact; By Virtue of Deed
A detailed explanation of 'De Facto,' a term used to describe situations or conditions operating as though official or legal, but not legally authorized.
Decedent: A Person Who Has Died
An in-depth exploration of the term 'decedent,' including its legal implications, historical context, and applications in various fields.
Deindustrialization: The Collapse or Flight of Industry
Deindustrialization refers to the decline of industrial activity in a region due to technological advancements and economic shifts, significantly impacting economies such as the United States with industries like steel, automotive, and electronics.
Demographics: Comprehensive Analysis of Population Statistics
An in-depth exploration of demographics, focusing on population statistics in relation to socioeconomic factors such as age, income, sex, occupation, education, and family size, and their critical role in target market definition and media planning.
Depth Interview: In-Field Qualitative Research Technique
An in-depth exploration of depth interviews, conducted in person by trained interviewers to understand consumer motivations during the purchase decision process.
Dickering: Petty Bargaining
An in-depth look at the origins, implications, and examples of dickering, a form of petty bargaining often encountered in various scenarios from markets to high-stakes negotiations.
DINKs: Dual-Income, No Kids Explained
DINKs (Dual-Income, No Kids) refers to a family unit where there are two incomes and no children, often making them prime targets for luxury marketers.
Diplomacy: The Art and Practice of Conducting Relationships Tactfully
Diplomacy involves tactful interactions to foster positive relations, whether between individuals or states. This comprehensive entry explores types, examples, historical context, and applicability of diplomacy.
Disability: Physical or Mental Impairment
Understanding the definition of disability, its implications, and its qualifications under Social Security's disability program.
Discrimination: Definition and Implications
Discrimination is the act of applying special treatment (generally unfavorable) to an individual solely on the basis of the person's ethnicity, age, religion, or sex. It has profound implications in various aspects of society including law, economics, and social justice.
Documentary Evidence: Definition and Significance
A detailed exploration of documentary evidence, its types, importance in various fields, historical context, and practical applications.
Donor: One Who Gives a Gift or Creates a Trust
A comprehensive guide to understanding the definition, types, roles, and legal implications of a Donor in various contexts.
Dowry: An Ancient Matrimonial Tradition
An in-depth exploration of the concept of dowry, its historical context, cultural significance, associated practices, and modern perspectives.
Dram Shop Act: Legal Liabilities of Tavernkeepers
The Dram Shop Act refers to state laws defining the liabilities of tavernkeepers who serve alcoholic beverages to intoxicated patrons, establishing that this practice creates unreasonable risks of harm and results in charges of negligent conduct and legal liability.
Due Care: Standard of Ordinary Prudence in Tort Law
Due Care refers to the degree of care that a person of ordinary prudence and reason, a 'reasonable man,' would exercise under specific circumstances. It is a critical concept in tort law used to determine the standard of care or legal duty one owes to others, indicating a fundamental legal obligation. Negligence is characterized by the failure to exercise due care.
Eager Beaver: A Hard-Working Individual
An Eager Beaver is a very hard-working individual with a strong desire to succeed. The person puts in many hours and is always busy, driven by the goal of promotion and high compensation.
Echo Boomers: The Generation Following Baby Boomers
Echo Boomers, also known as Millennials, are the children of Baby Boomers. They were born from the early 1980s to late 1990s and early 2000s, and they represent a significant demographic cohort marked by unique cultural, social, and economic characteristics.
Economics: A Study of Resource Allocation
Economics is the study of how societies allocate scarce resources, encompassing production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services.
Election: Choosing a Course of Action
Election is the process of deciding or choosing a particular course of action. In legal contexts, it can refer to decisions such as incorporating specific provisions in wills.
Emancipation: Legal Independence for Minors
The process by which a minor is granted the freedom to assume certain legal responsibilities normally associated with adults.
Emporium: Historical Marketplace to Modern-Day Store
An in-depth exploration of the term 'Emporium,' tracing its evolution from ancient marketplaces to contemporary large stores with diverse merchandise.
Encroach: Gradual Intrusion and Infringement
Encroach refers to the act of gradually intruding upon the rights or property of another, typically leading to an infringement on their property or authority.
Enjoin: To Command or Instruct with Authority
Exploring the concept of 'Enjoin,' a term used to command or instruct with authority, often in legal contexts. See also 'Injunction.'
Espionage: Act of Spying
Espionage refers to the act of spying on activities to gather confidential information, often involving both governmental and corporate sectors.
Estoppel: Legal Restraint and Bar
Estoppel is a legal principle that prevents a person from denying or asserting something contrary to what is implied by a previous action or statement of that person or by a previous pertinent judicial determination.
Eviction, Actual: Definition and Context
Actual eviction refers to the removal of a person from a property, either by force or by due process of law. This legal term encompasses physical removal and has significant implications in landlord-tenant relationships.
Expert Power: Authority Through Knowledge
An in-depth exploration of Expert Power, the ability to influence decisions and actions due to expertise and specialized knowledge.
Expert Witness: A Key Figure in Legal Proceedings
Explore the role, qualifications, and importance of an Expert Witness in legal proceedings, along with historical context, related terms, and frequently asked questions.
Exploitation: Taking Advantage of an Individual or Situation
Exploitation refers to taking advantage of an individual or situation for one's gain, often in an unethical or unfair manner. It typically carries a negative connotation, such as paying illegal aliens sub-minimum wages for services.
Faction: Informal Group of People Operating Within an Organization
A faction is an informal group of individuals within an organization who collaborate typically to achieve specific shared goals and often oppose a larger group within the organization.
Familial Status: Definition and Legal Implications
Detailed explanation of Familial Status, its significance under Fair Housing Law and Fair Credit Reporting Act, and its impact on rights regarding housing and credit.
Fascism: Authoritarian Nationalism and Dictatorship
Fascism is a doctrine and collection of concepts characterized by authoritarian nationalism, dictatorship by government, and aggressive economic and social control, often involving hostile nationalist attitudes and racism.
Fashion: Style of Conduct or Dress Being Followed by Individuals
An in-depth look at fashion, its implications in marketing, its historical context, and its influence on various aspects of society.
Flame: Online Messages Expressing Strong Opinions or Criticisms
Flame refers to a public post or e-mail message expressing strong opinions or criticisms, often inflammatory. This entry covers its definition, types, historical context, examples, and related terms.

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