Social Sciences

Objective: Definition and Context
Understanding the dual aspects of the term 'Objective,' including its meaning as free of personal bias and as an ultimate goal.
Open Housing: Principle of Non-Discrimination in Real Estate
Open Housing refers to the condition under which housing units may be purchased or leased without regard for the ethnic, religious, or other personal characteristics of the buyers or tenants. This concept is a cornerstone of fair housing and anti-discrimination laws.
Opt: Definition and Usage
The meaning and applicability of the term 'opt,' which refers to the act of deciding or making a choice among alternatives.
Ordinal Scale: Understanding Relative Measurements
An in-depth exploration of the ordinal scale, a level of measurement used to distinctively categorize items based on their relative ranking.
Organization Man, Organization Woman: Conformity within Organizations
An in-depth exploration of individuals whose behaviors and lifestyles rigidly align with the social mores of their organizations, stemming from William F. Whyte's seminal work, 'The Organization Man.'
Organizational Behavior: Understanding Human Behavior in Organizations
The academic study focused on human behavior in organizational settings, encompassing motivation, group dynamics, leadership, organization structure, decision making, careers, conflict resolution, and organizational development.
Organized Labor: Structure and Influence
A comprehensive look at organized labor in the United States, focusing on its structure, history, and the role of major unions like the AFL-CIO.
Paradigm Shift: Change in Accepted Models or Patterns
A paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the underlying assumptions or methodology within a given field or discipline, often transforming the way that field or discipline is approached or understood.
Pareto's Law: Income Distribution and Economic Dynamics
An in-depth look at Pareto's Law, which posits the constant pattern of income distribution across different societies and times, including the concept of Pareto Optimality.
Parliamentary Procedure: Formal Procedure Followed in the Conduct of Meetings
Parliamentary Procedure refers to the formal procedures followed in the conduct of meetings, usually guided by Robert's Rules of Order, to expedite and organize the meeting's agenda.
Party: A Person or Entity
A detailed definition of 'Party' in various contexts including legal, financial, and social domains.
Peon: Overview of the Term and Historical Context
A comprehensive exploration of the term 'Peon,' its historical origins, usage in different cultures, and contemporary relevance.
Person: Legal Definitions and Implications
An exploration into the legal concept of 'Person,' covering individuals and entities such as trusts, estates, partnerships, associations, companies, and corporations that possess legal rights and responsibilities.
Personal Injury: Understanding Wrongful Conduct and Its Impacts
Personal Injury encompasses wrongful conduct that causes false arrest, invasion of privacy, libel, slander, defamation of character, and bodily injury. This guide covers definitions, types, legal considerations, and examples.
Persuasion: The Act of Inducing Attitude Changes
Persuasion involves inducing attitude changes and influencing a target market to action by appealing to reason or emotion. It is a primary objective of modern advertising and can be achieved by creating advertisements with various effective strategies.
Picketing: Practice of Publicizing Disputes or Securing Support
Picketing is the practice used in labor and political disputes, involving patrolling, usually with placards, to publicize a dispute or secure support for a cause. It is a constitutionally protected exercise of free expression when done in accordance with law.
Plaintiff: The Initiator of a Legal Suit
A plaintiff is an individual or entity who initiates a lawsuit seeking legal remedy in a court of justice for injuries or violations of their rights.
Possession: Legal Control of Property
An in-depth exploration of possession, its legal implications, and its differentiation from mere custody.
Poverty: Understanding Its Dimensions and Implications
A comprehensive definition of poverty, examining its relative and absolute measures, historical context, examples, and societal implications.
Precautionary Motive: Cause of Actions Aimed at Prevention
Precautionary Motive refers to actions taken to prevent adverse outcomes. This term is often used within various fields such as economics, finance, and everyday life to describe actions motivated by the desire to mitigate risks.
Pregnancy Discrimination Act: Legal Protections for Pregnant Employees
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) is an amendment to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination based on pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions. This act mandates that pregnant employees are treated the same as other employees with similar work abilities or limitations.
Prerogative: Unquestioned Right or Privilege
A comprehensive guide to understanding prerogative, an unquestioned right or privilege belonging to an individual.
Presumption: Inference and Assumption
Presumption refers to an assumption made until proven incorrect and an inference drawn from available information. It can also signify impertinent or irritating conduct, opinion, or speech.
Principle: Rule or General Standard Adhered to in Human Conduct
A principle refers to a fundamental rule or standard that guides behavior and decision-making in various areas of human conduct. It can be an ethical declaration, such as the Golden Rule.
Privilege: A Unique Right or Prerogative
Privilege refers to the right or prerogative to do something that is unique to an individual or a group. For example, having wealth provides privileges.
Proletariat: The Working Class in Marxist Economic Theory
An extensive definition of the proletariat, exploring its role in Marxist economic theory, historical context, and impact on modern society.
Protest: A Form of Objection and Disapproval
Protest is a stated objection, disapproval, or complaint regarding a particular matter or product. This entry details the types, historical significance, and examples of protests.
Prudence: Displaying Foresight, Caution, and Discretion in One's Actions
An insightful exploration into the concept of prudence, which involves exercising foresight, caution, and discretion in one's actions to avoid carelessness and recklessness.
Psychic Income: Understanding Non-Monetary Rewards
An in-depth exploration of psychic income, its forms, applicability, and relevance in various fields including economics, finance, and social sciences.
Public Interest Research Group (PIRG): Advocacy for the Public Good
An in-depth exploration of Public Interest Research Groups (PIRGs) and their role in advocating for consumer and environmental protections, with a focus on the U.S. Public Interest Research Group (USPIRG).
Qualitative Research: Exploratory Methods for Insights
Qualitative Research explores the quality, type, or components of subjects. It is essential in advertising audience research to understand and improve audience responses.
Quality of Work Life (QWL): A Comprehensive Overview
An extensive analysis of Quality of Work Life (QWL), including its definition, importance, historical context, factors influencing QWL, and its impact on organizational performance and employee well-being.
Quota Sample: Key Research Methodology
Quota Sample refers to a sample group carefully selected to fulfill specific researcher-defined criteria, ensuring diverse representation within statistical and market research.
Rapport: Environment of Harmony and Agreement
Rapport refers to an environment of harmony, consonance, agreement, or accord achieved through activities encouraging this result. For example, a manufacturer develops a good rapport with his customers through the use of a hotline service.
Reasonable Person: A Legal Standard
The reasonable person standard is a legal criterion used to determine behavior that is expected from an individual in society, involving characteristics like attention, knowledge, intelligence, and judgment.
Reciprocity: Mutual Exchange of Privileges
A comprehensive examination of reciprocity, encompassing its various forms and applications in interpersonal, corporate, and international relationships.
Rehabilitation: Restoring to Good Condition
Rehabilitation refers to the process of restoring something, such as a structure, to a good condition. It is commonly applied in fields like healthcare, architecture, and social services.
Relocate: Moving to Another Location
A comprehensive guide on the concept of relocation, including types, considerations, examples, historical context, and related terms.
Reservation: Definitions and Applications
An in-depth overview of the term 'Reservation' covering its meanings, contexts, types, applications, examples, and more.
Reserve Army of the Unemployed: Marxist Theory on Unemployment and Wages
Exploring the concept of 'Reserve Army of the Unemployed' in Marxist theory, which refers to the proletariat population whose unemployment helps maintain minimal wage levels.
Respondent: Definition and Context
In legal terminology, a respondent refers to the party sued in an action at law, whereas in surveys, a respondent is an individual who answers questions and provides data.
Retire: A Comprehensive Exploration of Withdrawal and Departure
An in-depth look at the concept of retirement, detailing its significance, historical context, types, and implications across various domains, including economics, finance, and social sciences.
Retirement: Leaving Active Employment Permanently
Retirement is the act of leaving active employment permanently, where income for the remaining years of life is provided through Social Security, pensions, and savings.
Retirement Age: Defining Stages and Benefits
A comprehensive guide to understanding Retirement Age, the stages of retirement benefits, and the implications for employees. Explore Normal Retirement Age, Early Retirement, Deferred Retirement, and Automatic Retirement Age.
Retirement System: Overview and Key Concepts
A comprehensive guide to understanding retirement systems, their types, historical context, and significance in financial planning.
Reverse Discrimination: Illegally Favoring Protected Groups
Condition occurring when an employer illegally favors the hiring and promotion of protected groups of minorities and women while excluding other candidates from consideration.
Rural: Pertaining to Non-Urban Areas
An in-depth exploration of rural areas, focusing on their characteristics, significance, historical context, and comparison with suburban and urban regions.
Sabotage: Direct Interference with Productive Capabilities
An exploration into the deliberate destruction or disruption of productive capabilities in a plant or factory, often by those opposed to a company's management or during warfare.
Sack or Sacked: Termination of Employment
Detailed Overview of the Terms 'Sack' or 'Sacked' in Employment Context, Including Historical Background, Modern Usage, and Related Terms.
Scarcity: Understanding Scarcity and Scarcity Value
A comprehensive explanation of scarcity and scarcity value in economics, their impact on commodity pricing, and related concepts.
Scarcity, Law of: Fundamental Economic Principle
The Law of Scarcity is a foundational concept in economics that refers to the limited nature of resources in contrast to the unlimited desires of individuals and societies. It explains how resources are allocated and the basis of market value in a market economy.
Senior Citizen: Definition and Special Considerations
A comprehensive guide on who qualifies as a senior citizen, benefits, special tax rules, and privileges associated with this age group.
Sensitivity Training: Enhancing Interpersonal Understanding
Sensitivity training is a method of laboratory training where an unstructured group of individuals exchange thoughts and feelings on a face-to-face basis. This training method gives insight into how and why others feel the way they do on issues of mutual concern.
Service Economy: An In-Depth Analysis
An economy characterized by the predominance of the service sector, contributing significantly to GDP and employment.
Sex Stereotyping: Formulated Traits Based on Sex
Sex Stereotyping refers to the inferred traits and expected behavior based upon one's sex, often resulting in prejudice. This can impact various aspects of life such as employment opportunities, credit ratings, consumer behavior, and more.
Slander: Oral Defamation
Slander pertains to the act of defamation through spoken words that can damage another person's reputation. It includes direct defamatory statements (slanderous per se) and those that require external context (slanderous per quod).
Social Club: Tax-Exempt Pleasure and Recreation Organization
A social club is a tax-exempt organization formed for pleasure, recreation, and other nonprofitable purposes, where substantially all of the activities align with these goals and no net earnings benefit any private shareholders.
Social Responsibility: Ethical and Societally Moral Behavior
An in-depth exploration of Social Responsibility focusing on its significance in supporting acceptable societal standards and laws, along with its implications across various sectors.
Social Security Act: Federal Retirement Plan Enacted in 1935
The Social Security Act, enacted by Congress in 1935, established a federal retirement plan requiring current workers to support retired workers. This act was a response to old-age dependency exacerbated by The Great Depression.
Spillover Effects: Impact Beyond Direct Involvement
Exploration of Spillover Effects in Economic Activities: Positive and Negative Externalities, Historical Context, Examples, and Applications.
Standard of Living: Quality and Quantity of Goods and Services Consumed
The sum total of amenities, quality, and quantity of goods and services consumed by consuming units within an economy, reflecting overall well-being and economic prosperity.
Stereotyping: Understanding Stereotyping and Its Impacts
Stereotyping refers to classifying people based on one unique characteristic, often leading to prejudice and forming damaging images of individuals without knowing them personally.
Stool Pigeon: Spy or Police Informant
A 'stool pigeon' is a term used to describe a spy or police informant who betrays another person's confidences to the authorities.
Strikebreakers: An Overview
Strikebreakers, also known as management-hired replacements for striking employees, play a controversial role in labor disputes. This article explores their definition, historical context, legal considerations, and societal impact.
Structural Unemployment: A Detailed Exploration
An in-depth analysis of structural unemployment, its causes, effects, and distinctions from other types of unemployment.
Subsistence: Maintenance Without Growth
Subsistence refers to maintenance without growth, usually used with reference to the standard of living. A subsistence standard is sufficient to keep the economic unit alive and reasonably healthy but provides nothing more.
Supplemental Security Income (SSI): A Comprehensive Overview
An in-depth exploration of Supplemental Security Income (SSI), its eligibility criteria, benefits, differences from other social security programs, and historical context.

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