Appellate courts play a crucial role in the judicial system by hearing and reviewing appeals from cases that have already been evaluated by trial-level or lower courts. Their primary function is not to conduct trials but to correct errors of law and ensure that legal principles and procedures are correctly applied.
Functions of Appellate Courts
Error Correction
The main function of appellate courts is to correct errors that may have occurred in the trial courts. These errors can be factual, procedural, or related to the correct application of law.
Development of Law
Appellate courts also contribute to the development of law by interpreting statutes and legal principles. Their rulings set precedents that lower courts are generally required to follow.
Uniformity of Decision-Making
By reviewing and ruling on appeals, appellate courts help ensure uniformity and consistency in the application of law across different courts and jurisdictions.
Types of Appellate Courts
Intermediate Appellate Courts
Often referred to simply as “appellate courts,” these courts are the first level of appeal. They review cases for errors in the application of law and ensure due process was followed.
Supreme Courts
The highest appellate courts in most jurisdictions, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, serve as the final arbiter of legal disputes. Their decisions are binding on all lower courts.
Special Considerations
Scope of Review
Appellate courts do not re-examine the facts of a case but focus solely on whether legal errors were made. They rely on the trial record and written briefs submitted by the parties.
Standard of Review
Different standards of review apply depending on the nature of the alleged error. For example, appellate courts review factual findings for “clear error” while reviewing legal conclusions de novo (without deference to the lower court’s ruling).
Examples of Appellate Court Processes
The Appeal Process
- Notice of Appeal: The losing party in a trial court decision files a notice of appeal.
- Record on Appeal: The trial court record is sent to the appellate court.
- Briefs: Both parties submit written arguments (briefs) outlining their positions.
- Oral Argument: In some cases, the court may hear oral arguments.
- Decision: The appellate court issues a written opinion, which may affirm, reverse, or remand the case.
Landmark Case: Brown v. Board of Education
An iconic example of appellate court review is the United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, which overturned the precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson and ended legal segregation in public schools.
Related Terms
- Remand: Sending a case back to the lower court for further action.
- Certiorari: A writ that a higher court issues to review the decision of a lower court.
- Amicus Curiae: “Friend of the court” briefs submitted by non-parties to provide additional information.
FAQs
What is the difference between a trial court and an appellate court?
- Trial courts conduct the initial proceedings of a case, including fact-finding and delivering a verdict. Appellate courts review these decisions for legal errors.
How many judges are there in an appellate court?
- Generally, appellate cases are decided by panels of three judges, but the exact number can vary based on jurisdiction and specific court rules.
Can new evidence be presented in appellate court?
- No, appellate courts only review the trial record and do not consider new evidence.
References
- “Appellate Court Overview,” American Bar Association.
- “Introduction to the Federal Court System,” United States Department of Justice.
Summary
Appellate courts form an essential part of the judicial system, ensuring the correct application of law and contributing to the uniformity and development of legal principles. By understanding their roles, functions, and processes, one gains a deeper appreciation for the mechanisms of legal oversight and the protection of rights.
