Deferred taxation refers to the accounting practice of setting aside a sum for tax that will be payable in a future period. This practice arises due to timing differences between the application of tax rules and accounting conventions.
Historical Context
Deferred taxation has been a part of financial accounting to address discrepancies between when income and expenses are recorded in financial statements and when they are recognized for tax purposes. Historically, differences in the percentages used for capital allowances and depreciation have been common causes for these timing differences. Financial guidelines have been established over the years to provide a consistent framework for accounting deferred taxes.
Key Principles and Standards
Deferred taxation principles aim to allocate tax payments to the same period as the relevant income or expenditure. This practice ensures that financial statements reflect an accurate and fair view of a company’s tax obligations and financial health. In the UK and the Republic of Ireland, detailed guidelines are provided in Section 29 of the Financial Reporting Standard. Internationally, the relevant standard is International Accounting Standard (IAS) 12.
Types of Timing Differences
- Temporary Differences: Differences between the carrying amount of assets or liabilities in the balance sheet and their tax base.
- Permanent Differences: Differences that arise but will not reverse in the future (e.g., fines, penalties).
Detailed Explanation
Deferred taxation is computed to account for the tax effects of all temporary differences. This computation involves recognizing deferred tax liabilities (DTL) and deferred tax assets (DTA).
Deferred Tax Liabilities (DTL)
DTLs arise when taxable income is lower than accounting income due to temporary differences. For example, if a company depreciates equipment faster for tax purposes than for accounting purposes, it will defer tax liability to future periods.
Deferred Tax Assets (DTA)
DTAs arise when deductible temporary differences lead to a reduction in future tax payments. An example is tax losses that a company can carry forward to offset future taxable profits.
Mathematical Models and Formulas
Deferred tax can be computed using the following formula:
Deferred Tax Liability (DTL) / Deferred Tax Asset (DTA) = Temporary Difference × Tax Rate
Example Calculation
If a company has a temporary difference of $10,000 and a tax rate of 30%, the deferred tax liability would be:
Key Considerations
- Revaluation of Assets: Regular revaluation is necessary to account for changes in the value of assets and liabilities, ensuring deferred taxes are accurately reflected.
- Changes in Tax Rates: Any changes in tax rates require a re-computation of deferred taxes to reflect the updated rates.
- Compliance with Standards: Adhering to IAS 12 or equivalent local standards is crucial for ensuring financial statements’ accuracy and regulatory compliance.
Charts and Diagrams
Here’s a simple Mermaid diagram depicting the process of deferred taxation:
graph TD A[Income Statement] --> B[Temporary Differences] B --> C{Deferred Tax} C --> D[Deferred Tax Liability] C --> E[Deferred Tax Asset]
Importance and Applicability
Deferred taxation is critical in providing an accurate picture of a company’s financial position, especially for investors and regulatory bodies. It helps in:
- Smoothing out tax payments over multiple periods.
- Ensuring the matching principle is adhered to in accounting.
- Providing transparency and preventing tax avoidance.
Examples
Example 1: Depreciation
- Book Depreciation: $5,000
- Tax Depreciation: $10,000
- Temporary Difference: $5,000 (Tax Depreciation - Book Depreciation)
- Tax Rate: 30%
- Deferred Tax Liability: $5,000 × 30% = $1,500
Example 2: Carry-Forward Losses
- Tax Loss Carried Forward: $8,000
- Tax Rate: 30%
- Deferred Tax Asset: $8,000 × 30% = $2,400
Related Terms
- Tax Base: The value of an asset or liability for tax purposes.
- Temporary Difference: The difference between the carrying amount of an asset or liability and its tax base.
- Permanent Difference: Differences that do not reverse over time.
Comparisons
Deferred Tax vs. Current Tax
- Current Tax: Tax payable/refundable for the current period.
- Deferred Tax: Tax impact of temporary differences that will reverse in the future.
Interesting Facts
- Deferred taxation can impact a company’s earnings and equity significantly.
- Changes in tax laws can lead to the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities.
Inspirational Stories
A multinational corporation successfully navigated complex tax legislation changes by robustly applying deferred tax principles, enhancing investor confidence and maintaining financial transparency.
Famous Quotes
“In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.” – Benjamin Franklin
Proverbs and Clichés
- “A penny saved is a penny earned.”
- “Time and tide wait for no man.”
Expressions and Jargon
- Tax Shield: The reduction in tax liabilities due to allowable deductions.
- Provisioning: Setting aside an amount in accounting for future liabilities.
FAQs
What is the purpose of deferred taxation?
How is deferred tax calculated?
Why is deferred tax important?
References
- Financial Reporting Standard 29, UK and Republic of Ireland.
- International Accounting Standard IAS 12.
Summary
Deferred taxation is a crucial accounting principle that aligns tax payments with the income and expenses in financial statements. By understanding and accurately accounting for deferred taxes, organizations can present a true financial picture, ensuring compliance and transparency.