Facsimile Transmission, commonly known as Fax, is the technology that allows the electronic transfer of printed materials. By using an electronic scanning device, a picture of the material to be transmitted is captured, converted into a coded image, and sent over telephone lines or other electronic transmission media. At the receiving end, another device decodes the electronic signals and reproduces the original document.
Historical Context
The Inception
The concept of facsimile transmission dates back to the mid-19th century. Scottish inventor Alexander Bain is credited with creating the first fax machine in 1843. However, it was not until the 1960s and 70s that facsimile technology became commercially viable and widely adopted.
Evolution
With advances in digital technology, fax machines underwent substantial improvements. The introduction of thermal paper, plain paper faxes, and improved scanning resolution marked significant evolutionary steps. By the 1980s, fax machines had become a staple in offices and businesses around the world.
Technical Specifications
Scanning and Coding
A typical fax machine scans printed material pixel by pixel. Each pixel is converted into an electronic signal representing the black or white part of the image:
- Scanning Resolution: Determined by the machine’s DPI (dots per inch), typically ranging between 200 to 400 DPI.
- Coding: The image is converted into binary data using methods like Modified Huffman (MH) coding, which compresses data to expedite transmission.
Transmission Medium
Originally, fax transmissions were carried out over traditional telephone lines. Modern methods also include:
- Internet Fax Services (eFax): Utilizing the internet for transmission allows for sending and receiving fax documents via email or specialized web services.
Reproduction
At the receiving end, these coded signals are decoded. A print mechanism, often using laser or inkjet technology, reproduces the document on paper:
- Paper Types: Can range from thermal paper to standard office paper depending on the device used.
Modern Applicability
Business Usage
Fax remains an essential communication medium in certain businesses due to legal and security reasons:
- Healthcare: Patient records and sensitive medical information are often sent via fax to comply with privacy regulations.
- Legal Documents: Faxed agreements and contracts are often considered legally binding.
E-fax Services
The adaptation of fax over the internet has led to the development of services like eFax, which simplifies the sending and receiving of faxes via email, enhancing accessibility and convenience.
Comparisons
Fax vs. Email
While both allow document transmission:
- Security: Faxes are often considered more secure for sensitive documents.
- Speed: Emails generally allow faster transmission of documents with no need for a dedicated device.
Traditional Fax vs. Internet Fax
- Traditional Fax: Requires fax machines and telephone lines.
- Internet Fax: Uses internet protocols, supported by web-based services or email, improving accessibility and convenience.
Related Terms
- Telex: A written telegraph communication system widely used before email and facsimile systems became popular.
- Scanning: The process of converting printed materials into digital format using a scanner.
FAQs
Is faxing still relevant in today's digital age?
Can I send a fax without a fax machine?
How secure are fax transmissions?
References
- Faxing History and Development: Alexander Bain’s original patent and the evolution of fax technology.
- Modern Fax Applications in Business: Case studies from healthcare and legal sectors.
- Internet Fax Services: Overview of current eFax service providers and their benefits.
Summary
Facsimile Transmission (Fax) has stood the test of time as a reliable method of transferring printed materials. Its evolution from mechanical beginnings to digital adaptations underlines its resilience and continued relevance in modern business communication. Whether through traditional phone lines or contemporary internet services, fax remains a secure and efficient means of document transmission.
