Low Impact Development (LID) is a planning and engineering approach designed to manage stormwater runoff and protect water quality through sustainable methods. By mimicking natural hydrological processes, LID aims to preserve and restore the ecological integrity of watersheds.
Historical Context
The concept of LID emerged in the 1990s as part of the broader movement toward sustainable development and green infrastructure. It was initially developed in the United States to address the environmental impacts of urbanization on water bodies.
Types/Categories of LID Techniques
- Green Roofs
- Rain Gardens and Bioretention Cells
- Permeable Pavements
- Vegetated Swales
- Rain Barrels and Cisterns
- Urban Tree Canopy
Key Events in LID Development
- 1990s: Introduction of LID concepts in Maryland, USA.
- 2007: Adoption of the EPA’s LID practices for sustainable stormwater management.
- 2010: Various cities worldwide implement LID techniques as part of urban planning.
Detailed Explanations
Green Roofs
Green roofs involve the installation of vegetative layers on rooftops to absorb rainfall, reduce runoff, and provide insulation.
Rain Gardens and Bioretention Cells
Rain gardens and bioretention cells are shallow, vegetated basins designed to capture and treat stormwater through natural filtration processes.
Mathematical Models/Formulas
The effectiveness of LID techniques can be quantified using the Rational Method:
- \( Q \) = Peak runoff rate (cubic feet per second)
- \( C \) = Runoff coefficient
- \( i \) = Rainfall intensity (inches per hour)
- \( A \) = Drainage area (acres)
Charts and Diagrams
Green Roof Water Retention
graph TD;
Rainfall -->|Infiltration| PlantRoots --> Soil;
Soil -->|Retention| WaterStorage;
WaterStorage -->|Evapotranspiration| Atmosphere;
Importance and Applicability
LID is crucial for:
- Mitigating the urban heat island effect
- Reducing flooding and erosion
- Enhancing water quality
- Increasing urban green spaces
Examples and Considerations
- Example: The High Line in New York City utilizes green roofs and permeable pavements.
- Considerations: Cost, local climate, soil conditions, and maintenance requirements.
Related Terms
- Green Infrastructure: Networks that provide “ecological, economic, and social benefits through natural solutions.”
- Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS): UK-based approach similar to LID.
Comparisons
- LID vs. Traditional Stormwater Management: LID focuses on decentralized, nature-based solutions, whereas traditional methods often rely on centralized, engineered systems.
Interesting Facts
- Some cities offer financial incentives for implementing LID practices.
Inspirational Stories
- Seattle’s SEA Streets: Reduced stormwater runoff by 99% through LID techniques.
Famous Quotes
“Nature does nothing in vain.” – Aristotle
Proverbs and Clichés
- Proverb: “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”
- Cliché: “Green is the new black.”
Expressions, Jargon, and Slang
- Expression: “Going green”
- Jargon: “Bioretention”, “Permeable surfaces”
FAQs
What is LID?
Why is LID important?
References
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). “Reducing Stormwater Costs through Low Impact Development (LID) Strategies and Practices”.
- National Resources Defense Council. (2011). “Green Infrastructure Case Studies: Municipal Policies for Managing Stormwater with Green Infrastructure”.
Summary
Low Impact Development (LID) represents a paradigm shift in stormwater management, emphasizing sustainability and environmental preservation. By incorporating natural processes into urban planning, LID helps mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization on water bodies, making it an essential component of modern environmental strategies.
