Definition
Necessities are goods and services essential for maintaining basic living standards. They encompass the fundamental requirements needed for human survival and day-to-day life, such as food, water, shelter, clothing, and healthcare. The concept of necessities can vary based on geographical, cultural, and economic contexts, but the core idea remains centered on ensuring an individual’s basic needs are met.
Economic Perspective
From an economic viewpoint, necessities are considered as inelastic goods, meaning that their demand does not significantly change with price fluctuations. People will purchase necessary items regardless of price changes because they are crucial for survival.
Social Sciences Perspective
In social sciences, necessities are studied in terms of their impact on quality of life, social welfare, and economic inequality. Ensuring access to necessities is often seen as a fundamental goal for governments and social organizations.
Types of Necessities
Basic Needs
- Food and Water: Essential for nutrition and hydration.
- Shelter: Protection from environmental elements.
- Clothing: Appropriate attire to protect the body and maintain social norms.
- Healthcare: Services and products necessary for maintaining health.
Extended Needs (Secondary)
- Education: Access to learning and information.
- Transport: Means to commute and travel for work, education, and other activities.
- Communication: Tools and services needed for social and professional interactions, like a phone or internet.
Special Considerations
Geographic and Cultural Variations
- In different regions, what is considered a necessity can vary. For example, heating may be a necessity in colder climates, while air conditioning might be essential in warmer regions.
- Cultural factors can also play a role in defining necessities. Social norms and local traditions can influence what is deemed essential.
Economic Constraints
- Economically disadvantaged groups may have limited access to certain necessities. Government programs and policy interventions often aim to ensure that all individuals have access to basic needs.
Examples
- Water: An essential necessity for hydration and hygiene.
- Basic Healthcare: Vaccinations, preventive care, and emergency services.
Historical Context
The understanding of necessities has evolved over time. Historically, access to basic necessities was limited to affluent societies or classes. Over the centuries, various social movements and government interventions have aimed to make necessities more universally accessible.
Applicability
Policy Making
Governments often use the concept of necessities to formulate welfare policies, ensuring that all citizens have access to basic goods and services.
Business and Marketing
Companies that provide necessities may employ different strategies compared to luxury goods due to the inelastic nature of demand for their products.
Comparisons
- Necessities vs. Luxuries: Necessities are essential for survival and day-to-day functions, while luxuries provide comfort and pleasure but are not essential.
- Necessities vs. Comforts: Comforts enhance the quality of life but are not essential for basic living standards. Examples include entertainment, leisure travel, and gourmet food.
Related Terms
- Elasticity: Refers to how the quantity demanded of a good changes with price change.
- Basic Needs Approach: A development approach focused on ensuring all individuals have access to basic necessities.
- Welfare State: A government that assumes responsibility for providing the basic needs of its citizens.
FAQs
What are the basic necessities of life?
How does the cost of necessities impact poverty?
Are education and transport considered necessities?
References
- Sen, Amartya. “Development as Freedom.” Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Maslow, A. H. “A Theory of Human Motivation.” Psychological Review, 1943.
- International Labor Organization. “Social Protection Floors Recommendation, No. 202.” ILO, 2012.
Summary
Necessities are the essential goods and services required to maintain basic living standards. They form the foundation of human survival and socio-economic well-being. Understanding the concept of necessities helps in policy-making, economic analysis, and social welfare initiatives, ensuring that these fundamental needs are met universally.
