A norm, in its most generalized understanding, denotes a rule or standard that is deemed acceptable behavior within a group or society. Norms dictate what is considered appropriate or inappropriate, helping to guide behaviors and ensuring cohesion within a social structure.
In psychology, the term norm pertains to the average standard of achievement on a test for a defined group. This construct helps in assessing and interpreting individual performance by providing a reference point against the group’s average performance.
The Role of Norms in Society
Social Norms
Social norms are unwritten rules that govern the behaviors and actions of individuals within a community. These norms are influenced by cultural practices, traditions, societal structures, and shared values. They promote social order and predictability and can be broadly categorized into:
- Folkways: Everyday norms based on communal habits and customs. Violations are generally met with mild disapproval.
- Mores: Norms of significant moral importance; their violation can result in severe sanctions.
- Laws: Codified norms enforced by legal institutions.
Example: It is a norm in many cultures to greet someone when meeting them, demonstrating politeness and respect.
Historical Context of Social Norms
Throughout history, norms have evolved alongside societies. For instance, gender roles, once strictly defined, have seen significant transformations as societies advance and adopt more inclusive and equitable attitudes.
Norms in Psychology
Psychological Norms and Testing
Psychological norms are established to create a reference point for evaluating individual test performances. The norm represents the average score obtained by a certain group on a specific test, creating a benchmark for comparative analysis.
where \( X \) is the sum of the scores, and \( N \) is the number of participants.
Example: In intelligence testing (e.g., IQ tests), an individual’s score is interpreted against the norm (average score) to determine their relative intellectual standing.
Applicability of Psychological Norms
Psychological norms are utilized in various areas, including educational assessments, clinical diagnostics, and research. They help in identifying deviations from typical performance, thus facilitating the detection of learning disabilities, cognitive impairments, and other psychological conditions.
Special Considerations
- Cultural Relativity: Norms can vary greatly across different cultures. What is acceptable in one society may be taboo in another.
- Dynamic Nature: Norms are not static; they evolve over time in response to changes in societal values, technological advancements, and collective experiences.
- Imposition and Resistance: Norms may be imposed by dominant groups, leading to resistance or reform movements challenging these norms.
Comparisons and Related Terms
- Values: Fundamental beliefs that guide behaviors and decision-making.
- Standards: Established benchmarks or criteria that serve as a reference point for quality.
- Etiquette: Formalized codes of conduct particularly in social settings.
FAQs
Can norms change over time?
How are psychological norms established?
References
- Durkheim, Émile. “The Rules of Sociological Method.” Columbia University Press, 1895.
- Eysenck, H. J. “The Intelligence Controversy.” John Wiley & Sons, 1981.
- Mead, Margaret. “Coming of Age in Samoa.” William Morrow and Company, 1928.
Summary
Norms serve as critical guides for behavior and expectations in society and psychology. Social norms promote order and predictability in communities, while psychological norms provide reference points for evaluating individual achievement. Both types of norms are crucial for maintaining social cohesion and understanding human behavior. The dynamism and cultural specificity of norms underscore their importance and complexity in shaping human interactions and perceptions.
By comprehensively understanding and contextualizing norms, we gain insights into the fabric of society and the mechanisms for assessment in psychological practices.
