Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and other essentials beyond income for a minimum standard of living. It involves more than just the lack of money; it encompasses limited access to healthcare, education, proper sanitation, and sustainable living conditions.
Types of Poverty
Absolute Poverty
Absolute poverty, or extreme poverty, refers to a condition where a person cannot meet the most basic needs for survival, such as food, shelter, water, and sanitation. According to the World Bank, individuals living on less than $1.90 a day are classified as living in extreme poverty.
Relative Poverty
Relative poverty is a condition where household income is a certain percentage below median incomes. Unlike absolute poverty, relative poverty is relative to the economic context of the society one lives in.
Special Considerations
Multidimensional Poverty
The concept of multidimensional poverty includes various deprivations experienced by people in their daily lives, including poor health, lack of education, inadequate living standards, lack of income, disempowerment, and lack of decent work.
Causes of Poverty
Economic Factors
Economic downturns, unemployment, and underemployment are significant contributors to poverty. Lack of access to economic opportunities and an unequal distribution of wealth also play crucial roles.
Social Factors
Social factors such as discrimination, unequal educational opportunities, and social exclusion contribute to poverty. Marginalized groups often face systemic barriers that limit their economic prospects.
Political Factors
Political instability, corruption, and poor governance can exacerbate poverty. In some cases, policies may favor certain groups over others, leading to unequal resource distribution.
How To Measure Poverty
Income-Based Measures
Income-based measures, such as the poverty threshold or poverty line, are commonly used to assess poverty. These measures evaluate the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country.
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
The MPI considers multiple deprivations at the household level across three dimensions: health, education, and standard of living. This index provides a more comprehensive measure of poverty.
Human Development Index (HDI)
The HDI measures a country’s average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health (life expectancy), education, and income. Although not solely a measure of poverty, it provides insights into long-term poverty trends.
Historical Context
Poverty has been a persistent issue throughout history. In the pre-industrial era, poverty was widespread due to limited economic activity. The Industrial Revolution and subsequent economic growth improved living standards for many, but poverty remained for specific demographics. Modern efforts to combat poverty include global initiatives such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Applicability
Understanding poverty is crucial for developing effective policies and interventions aimed at reducing it. Policymakers, social workers, economists, and international organizations all utilize various metrics to assess and address poverty.
Comparisons
Poverty vs. Inequality
While poverty refers to the lack of resources to meet basic needs, inequality pertains to the uneven distribution of resources and opportunities among a population. Addressing poverty often requires measures to reduce inequality as well.
Poverty vs. Unemployment
Unemployment is a specific condition of being without a job but actively seeking work, while poverty is a broader concept that includes economic and social aspects beyond employment.
Related Terms
- Economic Inequality: The disparity in wealth and income between different groups within a society.
- Socioeconomic Status (SES): An individual’s or group’s economic and social position relative to others, based on income, education, and occupation.
- Living Wage: A wage sufficient to provide a decent standard of living.
FAQs
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References
- World Bank. (2023). Understanding Poverty. [Link]
- United Nations. (2023). Sustainable Development Goals. [Link]
- Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011). Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measurement. [Link]
Summary
Poverty is a multifaceted issue affecting individuals and communities globally. It requires a holistic approach to measurement and a comprehensive strategy involving economic, social, and political interventions to effectively alleviate it. Addressing poverty not only improves individual lives but also contributes to broader societal well-being and economic development.
