Regulation D is a regulation of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that provides guidelines and conditions for private offerings, also known as private placements, to qualify for exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933. This regulation enables companies to raise capital without having to register their securities publicly, which can be a costly and time-consuming process.
Key Provisions of Regulation D
Rule 504
Rule 504 of Regulation D allows certain issuers to offer and sell up to $10 million of securities in any 12-month period. Conditions and limitations under Rule 504 include:
- Issuer Requirements: The company must not be a blank check company, and must not be subject to reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
- State Compliance: The offering must comply with state securities regulations.
- General Solicitation: General solicitation and advertising are permitted if the offering is registered under state law or other specific conditions are met.
- Investor Restrictions: There are no specific restrictions on the number or type of investors.
Rule 506
Rule 506 is divided into two parts: Rule 506(b) and Rule 506(c).
Rule 506(b)
- Unlimited Capital: Allows an unlimited amount of capital to be raised.
- Accredited Investors: Sales can be made to an unlimited number of accredited investors.
- Non-Accredited Investors: Sales to a maximum of 35 sophisticated but non-accredited investors.
- General Solicitation: Not permitted.
- Disclosures: Detailed disclosure is required for non-accredited investors.
Rule 506(c)
- General Solicitation: Permitted, allowing issuers to publicly advertise the offering.
- Accredited Investors Only: Sales can only be made to accredited investors.
- Verification: Issuers are required to take reasonable steps to verify that all purchasers are accredited investors.
Types of Investors
Accredited Investors
Accredited investors are defined by the SEC and include:
- Individuals with an income exceeding $200,000 ($300,000 with spouse) in each of the last two years.
- Individuals with a net worth exceeding $1 million, excluding primary residence.
- Entities such as banks, insurance companies, registered investment companies, business development companies, or trusts with assets exceeding $5 million.
Non-Accredited Investors
Non-accredited investors do not meet the same net worth, income, or entity-specific criteria as accredited investors. When included in Rule 506(b) offerings, they are generally required to be sophisticated investors, having sufficient knowledge and experience in financial and business matters to evaluate the merits and risks of the prospective investment.
Historical Context
Regulation D was originally adopted in 1982 to simplify and clarify the conditions under which small businesses could raise capital through private offerings. This was part of an effort to stimulate job creation and economic growth by easing regulatory burdens on small businesses seeking investment.
Applicability
Regulation D is widely used by startups, private companies, and small businesses to raise funds without the regulatory complexities and costs associated with public offerings. It is an essential tool for business owners seeking access to capital while maintaining privacy and control over their companies.
FAQs
What is the primary advantage of using Regulation D?
Can a company use both Rule 504 and Rule 506?
What happens if a company violates Regulation D?
References
- U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. “Regulation D Offerings.” SEC.gov.
- Securities Act of 1933. 15 U.S.C. § 77a et seq.
Summary
Regulation D is a critical regulation under the SEC that establishes the framework for private offerings (private placements) to qualify for exemption from public registration. Through its provisions, including Rules 504, 506(b), and 506(c), businesses can effectively raise capital from accredited and, in some cases, non-accredited investors, while minimizing regulatory burdens. Understanding and complying with Regulation D can provide significant fundraising opportunities for companies aiming to build and grow.
