A slowdown is a deliberate reduction in the rate of work by employees. Unlike strikes where work is completely stopped, slowdowns involve a strategic decrease in productivity to bring economic pressure upon employers while avoiding the complete cessation of work and potential legal or financial repercussions that may be associated with a strike.
Types and Forms of Slowdowns
Partial Slowdown
A partial slowdown is when employees reduce their output but continue to perform some portion of their duties. This could involve working at a slower pace, taking longer breaks, or following procedures more meticulously than required.
Work-to-Rule
In a work-to-rule slowdown, employees adhere strictly to company rules and policies, performing their duties to the letter of the guidelines. This can significantly slow down operations if these rules are normally interpreted with flexibility.
Sickout
Also known as the “blue flu,” employees call in sick en masse to disrupt normal operations without technically breaking any rules or going on strike.
Historical Context
Slowdowns have been used as a form of labor protest for decades. They gained prominence in the early 20th century as unions and labor groups sought methods to gain leverage over employers while avoiding direct confrontation. These tactics often emerged in industries where continuous production is crucial, such as manufacturing, mining, and transportation.
Applicability and Legal Considerations
Advantages
- Lower Risk: Since workers are not stopping work entirely, they are less likely to face severe disciplinary actions.
- Economic Pressure: Companies may still experience significant financial pressure due to reduced efficiency and productivity.
- Employee Solidarity: Slowdowns can foster a sense of unity among employees without causing the complete loss of wages.
Legal Risks
While slower approaches are less aggressive than strikes, they can still be legally contentious. Employers might view slowdowns as insubordination or breach of contract, potentially leading to disciplinary action or termination.
Notable Examples
- General Motors (1936-1937): The Flint sit-down strike incorporated elements of slowdowns where workers occupied plants but continued to perform minor tasks.
- British Airways (2010): Flight attendants executed a work-to-rule action leading to significant delays and cancellations.
Comparisons with Other Labor Actions
Strikes
- Definition: Complete cessation of work.
- Impact: Immediate and significant disruption, often leading to quicker resolutions but higher risks for employees.
- Legal Framework: Strikes are governed by specific legal frameworks and can be subject to injunctions and other legal orders.
Lockouts
- Definition: Employers prevent workers from working to apply pressure during a labor dispute.
- Impact: Complete halt of operations, similar to strikes, but initiated by the employer.
Related Terms
- Boycott: Withdrawal of support or patronage by consumers or stakeholders to exert pressure.
- Picketing: Public demonstration outside a place of work or business to influence or communicate protest.
FAQs
What distinguishes a slowdown from a strike?
Are slowdowns legal?
References
- Katz, H. C., Kochan, T. A., & Colvin, A. J. S. (2015). An Introduction to U.S. Collective Bargaining and Labor Relations. Cornell University Press.
- Silver, B. J. (2003). Forces of Labor: Workers’ Movements and Globalization since 1870. Cambridge University Press.
Summary
A slowdown is a strategic method used by employees to apply economic pressure on employers without stopping work entirely. It encompasses various forms, including partial slowdowns, work-to-rule, and sickouts. While offering several advantages such as reduced risk for employees and considerable economic impact, slowdowns must be carefully managed due to potential legal and disciplinary repercussions. Understanding slowdowns in the broader context of labor relations and historical examples provides valuable insight into this tactic’s effectiveness and applications.
