What Is FORTRAN?
FORTRAN, short for “Formula Translation,” is one of the oldest high-level programming languages, developed in the 1950s. It is designed specifically for numerical computation and scientific computing.
Key Features of FORTRAN
- Numeric Computation: FORTRAN excels in performing arithmetic and complex mathematical operations.
- Array Processing: Supports array operations, which are crucial for scientific computations.
- Optimized Performance: Known for its high performance in large-scale numerical calculations.
What Is COBOL?
COBOL, or “Common Business-Oriented Language,” is another high-level programming language from the same era, designed particularly for business data processing.
Key Features of COBOL
- Business Data Processing: COBOL is adept at handling large volumes of data processing tasks typical in business environments.
- File Handling: Exceptional capabilities in file input/output operations.
- Readability: Extensive use of English-like syntax, making COBOL programs easier to read and maintain.
Historical Context
The Evolution of FORTRAN
FORTRAN was developed by IBM for scientific and engineering purposes. Its creation marked a significant milestone in computer programming, facilitating the transition from assembly language to higher-level languages.
The Emergence of COBOL
COBOL was developed through a collaborative effort initiated by the U.S. Department of Defense. As businesses began to adopt computer systems, COBOL provided a means to manage commercial data processing efficiently.
Applicability
Scientific Computations vs. Business Data Processing
- FORTRAN: Primarily used in academic and research environments where complex mathematical models and simulations are required.
- COBOL: Predominantly used in business, finance, and administrative systems for managing records, transactions, and reports.
Comparisons
Syntax Comparison
- FORTRAN Syntax Example:
1PROGRAM HELLO 2 PRINT *, 'Hello, world!' 3END PROGRAM HELLO - COBOL Syntax Example:
1IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. 2PROGRAM-ID. HELLO-WORLD. 3PROCEDURE DIVISION. 4DISPLAY 'Hello, world!'. 5STOP RUN.
Performance
- Performance in FORTRAN: Optimizes numerical and scientific calculations.
- Performance in COBOL: Optimizes data access and file management tasks.
Related Terms
- High-Level Language (HLL): A type of programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. Examples include FORTRAN, COBOL, C, and Python.
- Procedural Programming: A programming paradigm based on the concept of procedure calls, where statements are structured into procedures (also known as subroutines or functions).
- Compilation: The process of translating a high-level language into machine code that can be executed by a computer’s hardware.
- Legacy Systems: Older computer systems and applications that are still in use within an organization, often built using languages like COBOL.
FAQs
Why are FORTRAN and COBOL still used today?
Which language should I learn for scientific research?
Is COBOL relevant for modern business applications?
References
- “History of Programming Languages” by Richard L. Wexelblat
- “Structured FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists” by Delores M. Etter
- “COBOL Programming: A Structured Approach” by Nancy B. Stern
- IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
Summary
In summary, FORTRAN and COBOL represent two early yet enduring pillars of high-level programming languages, each serving distinct but equally crucial domains: scientific computation for FORTRAN and business data processing for COBOL. Understanding their history, features, and applications provides insight into their continuing relevance in modern computing environments.
