Dynamic programming is a mathematical optimization method used to solve complex problems by breaking them down into simpler subproblems. It exploits the fact that at any point in time, the maximized payoff for the decision-maker can be written as the maximized value of the sum of current payoff and discounted value of future payoffs.
Memoization is an optimization technique used in computer science to store the results of expensive function calls and reuse them when the same inputs occur again, thereby improving efficiency and performance.
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