Financial Markets

Medium-Term Note: A Versatile Debt Instrument
Medium-Term Notes (MTNs) are debt instruments with maturity dates typically ranging from one to ten years, offering flexibility in both structuring and investment options.
Multilateral Trading Facility: An Overview of Non-Regulated Exchanges
A comprehensive guide to Multilateral Trading Facilities (MTFs), their definition, historical context, types, importance, key events, examples, and comparisons with other trading systems.
NASDAQ: A Comprehensive Overview
An in-depth exploration of NASDAQ, the largest US electronic securities market, its history, functions, and significance.
New York Mercantile Exchange: Comprehensive Overview
A detailed examination of the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), including its history, key events, types of traded commodities, importance, and related financial aspects.
New York Stock Exchange: Overview and History
Comprehensive coverage of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), including its history, operations, key indexes, and its significance in the global financial markets.
No Arbitrage: The Absence of Risk-Free Profit
The concept of no arbitrage asserts that there are no opportunities to earn a risk-free profit with no investment in efficient markets.
NSE: National Stock Exchange of India
A comprehensive overview of the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), including its history, structure, importance, and functionality in the financial markets.
NYMEX: New York Mercantile Exchange
An in-depth exploration of the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), including its history, importance, and functioning within the financial markets.
NYSE Euronext: A Pan-European Stock Exchange
NYSE Euronext, a pan-European stock exchange based in Paris, was formed in 2006 through the merger of Euronext and the NYSE Group. It provides markets for both equities and derivatives across multiple European countries.
NYSE EURONEXT: A Comprehensive Overview
An in-depth examination of NYSE EURONEXT, covering its historical context, structure, key events, importance, and more.
Official List: A Comprehensive Guide
An in-depth exploration of the Official List, covering its role in financial markets, historical context, key features, and much more.
Opening Auction: A General Mechanism for Determining Opening Prices
The Opening Auction is a mechanism employed in various financial markets worldwide to set the initial trading price of securities at the start of the trading session.
Option: Financial Derivative Instrument
An option is a financial derivative contract granting the holder the right but not the obligation to trade a commodity, share, or currency at a specified price on a future date.
Option Pricing Models: Determining the Fair Value of Options
Comprehensive overview of option pricing models, their historical context, types, key events, detailed explanations, mathematical formulas, and importance in finance.
Options Clearing Corporation (OCC): The Backbone of Options Trading
Understand the critical role of the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) in ensuring the fulfillment of options contracts and acting as a central clearinghouse.
Options Market: Marketplace for Buying and Selling Options
The Options Market is a financial marketplace where options, which are financial derivatives, are bought and sold. This entry explains what an options market is, its function, types, historical context, and its relevance in the financial world.
Order Flow: The Buy and Sell Orders in Markets
Order Flow refers to the buy and sell orders submitted by market participants and the process by which trades are executed in the market.
Order-Driven Market: Asset Exchange System
An in-depth exploration of the Order-Driven Market system, its mechanics, historical context, types, key events, mathematical models, importance, applicability, and more.
OTC Pink (Pink Sheets): Less Regulated Alternative for OTC Securities
Explore the world of OTC Pink, an over-the-counter market characterized by lower transparency and regulatory requirements. Learn about its historical context, key features, and implications.
Out-of-the-Money (OTM): Definition and Explanation
Out-of-the-Money (OTM) options refer to option contracts in which the strike price is not favorable compared to the current market price of the underlying asset. This entry explains the concept of OTM options, their types, and practical examples.
Over-the-Counter (OTC): A Decentralized Trading Market
A comprehensive guide to Over-the-Counter (OTC) markets, where trades are made directly between parties, bypassing formal exchanges.
Pass-Through Security: Securitized Interest in Underlying Assets
A comprehensive look into Pass-Through Securities, a type of securitized interest where payments from the underlying assets are transferred directly to certificate holders.
Paying Agent: Role and Responsibilities in Financial Markets
A comprehensive look into the role, responsibilities, and importance of a Paying Agent in financial markets, including historical context, key events, and applications.
Pip: Smallest Price Move in Currency Trading
A detailed overview of Pip (Percentage in Point), its importance in forex trading, calculations, historical context, and applicability in financial markets.
Price Correction: Understanding Market Adjustments
Price correction is a phenomenon in financial markets where the prices of securities adjust after a period of significant increase, bringing them closer to their intrinsic values.
Price Volatility: Understanding the Degree of Variation of Oil Prices Over Time
Comprehensive explanation and insights into price volatility, focusing on the degree of variation of oil prices over time, its importance, causes, measurements, and more.
Principal Broker: Key Financial Role Explained
A comprehensive exploration of principal brokers, their functions, distinctions from commission brokers, historical context, and their roles in modern finance.
Program Trading: The Use of Computer Algorithms in Trading
Program Trading refers to the use of computer algorithms to execute large trading orders based on predefined conditions. This method is widely used in modern financial markets for its efficiency and speed.
Public Issue: An Overview of Public Offerings
An in-depth look at public issues, including their historical context, types, processes, and significance in the financial markets.
Put Option: A Financial Instrument for Risk Management and Speculation
A comprehensive guide to understanding put options, their historical context, types, key events, detailed explanations, mathematical models, importance, and applicability.
Quantitative Easing: An In-Depth Analysis
A comprehensive analysis of Quantitative Easing, its historical context, applications, impacts on the economy, and related terms.
Rate of Exchange: Understanding Currency Valuation
Explore the Rate of Exchange, its historical context, types, key events, detailed explanations, mathematical models, charts, importance, applicability, examples, related terms, comparisons, and much more.
Rating Agency: Evaluating Creditworthiness
An in-depth look at rating agencies, their historical context, functions, key events, and their role in the financial markets.
Recognized Investment Exchange: A Comprehensive Overview
A Recognized Investment Exchange (RIE) is an institution authorized in the UK under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 to sell financial instruments.
Regulatory Authority: Ensuring Compliance and Fairness
A Regulatory Authority is a governmental body responsible for overseeing and enforcing laws and regulations within various sectors, ensuring compliance and fairness in activities such as financial markets, environmental protection, and telecommunications.
Regulatory Framework: Governance of Financial Markets and Institutions
An in-depth exploration of the rules and regulations that govern financial markets and institutions, including historical context, types, key events, detailed explanations, importance, applicability, and more.
Repo Agreement: A Short-Term Borrowing Mechanism
A comprehensive guide to understanding Repo Agreements, a short-term borrowing mechanism where securities are sold and later repurchased.
Research Analysts: Professionals Providing Research Services Funded by Soft Dollars
Research Analysts are professionals who perform detailed analysis and research on financial markets, industries, and specific companies. These services are often funded by soft dollars, which are indirect forms of payment for brokerage services received by investment managers.
Risk Exposure: Understanding Financial Risk
Risk exposure is the potential financial loss a trader or institution faces due to adverse movements in market prices or fluctuations in asset prices.
Risk-Free Interest Rate: Theoretical Return on Investment with Zero Risk
Comprehensive exploration of the Risk-Free Interest Rate concept, including historical context, key events, explanations, models, charts, importance, applicability, examples, considerations, and related terms.
Scalping: A Short-Term Trading Strategy
Scalping is a trading strategy used in various financial markets where traders seek to profit from tiny price changes in an asset, usually holding positions for a very short period of time.
Securities and Investment Board: Historical UK Financial Regulatory Body
The Securities and Investment Board (SIB) was a regulatory authority established to supervise and monitor the UK financial markets, aiming to prevent fraud and insider dealing.
Securities Exchange: A Comprehensive Guide
A comprehensive guide to understanding securities exchanges, their historical context, types, functions, and importance in financial markets.
Security: Comprehensive Insights and Applications
Explore the multifaceted concept of security, its historical context, types, key events, detailed explanations, importance, applicability, and more across various fields.
Self-Regulatory Organization (SRO): An Overview
An in-depth look at Self-Regulatory Organizations (SROs) including their definition, examples, historical context, and impact on the financial and other industries.
Sell-Side: Facilitators in Financial Markets
Entities that facilitate the sale of securities and provide research and analysis to assist in investment decisions. Examples include investment banks and brokerage firms.
Settlement Risk: Understanding Counterparty Failures
Explore the concept of Settlement Risk, its types, key events, detailed explanations, and methods to mitigate this risk in financial markets.
Shanghai Stock Exchange: Overview and Significance
Comprehensive overview of the Shanghai Stock Exchange, including its historical context, types of securities traded, key events, and importance in the global financial market.
Share Price: Definition and Importance in Financial Markets
Share price refers to the price at which a share of stock is bought or sold in financial markets. It is influenced by multiple factors, including market demand, company performance, and economic conditions.
Share Transfer: A Comprehensive Guide to Stock Ownership Changes
Understanding the intricacies of share transfer, including historical context, processes, legal frameworks, and its importance in the financial markets.
SIX Swiss Exchange: Switzerland's Premier Stock Exchange
The SIX Swiss Exchange is the leading stock exchange in Switzerland, headquartered in Zurich. Originally established in 1995 as the SWX Swiss Exchange, it unified trading, clearing, and settlement across Zurich, Geneva, and Basel. Renamed SIX in 2008, it stands as a pivotal institution in Swiss and international financial markets.
Small-cap Stocks: Definition and Insights
Small-cap stocks refer to shares of companies with a relatively small market capitalization, typically ranging from $300 million to $2 billion.
SONIA: Benchmark for GBP-Denominated Contracts
SONIA (Sterling Overnight Index Average) is a key benchmark for overnight unsecured transactions in the sterling market. This article explores its historical context, significance, calculations, and applications in the financial sector.
SONIA: Sterling Overnight Interbank Average Rate
SONIA, or Sterling Overnight Interbank Average Rate, is an index tracking sterling overnight funding rates for trades during off hours, serving as a proxy for market interest rate expectations.
Sovereign Risk: Political Credit Risk in Global Finance
Sovereign risk, also known as political credit risk, refers to the risk that a foreign government will default on its financial obligations. This comprehensive article covers the historical context, types, key events, and detailed explanations of sovereign risk, including mathematical models and charts.
Speculation: Understanding Economic Activity and Financial Markets
A comprehensive exploration of speculation, an economic activity aimed at profiting from expected changes in the prices of goods, assets, or currencies.
Speculative Capital: Investing in Short-term Price Movements
Speculative Capital refers to funds invested with the intent to profit from short-term price fluctuations in various financial instruments, closely related to hot money.
Speculative Investment: High-Risk, High-Reward Strategy
Speculative Investment involves making investment decisions based on the expectation of significant price increases. This high-risk, high-reward strategy can yield substantial returns but comes with considerable risk.
Speculator: Risk-Taker in Financial Markets
An individual or firm that takes risks for expected profits, providing liquidity and aiding in price stability but often blamed for economic instability.
Spinning Top: Candlestick with Small Bodies and Long Shadows
A comprehensive exploration of the spinning top candlestick pattern, its significance, and implications in financial markets, particularly indicating market indecision.
Spot Market: Immediate Delivery Marketplace
A detailed exploration of the spot market, its historical context, types, key events, importance, and applicability in various sectors.
Spot Price: Immediate Delivery Pricing
An in-depth exploration of the spot price, its significance in financial markets, methods of calculation, and impact on trading and investment decisions.
Spot Price of Gold: Understanding the Immediate Market Value
Comprehensive insight into the spot price of gold, its historical context, types, key events, and importance in the financial markets.
Spread: The Difference Between Bid and Offer Prices
A comprehensive explanation of 'Spread' in financial markets, detailing its definition, types, importance, and related concepts.
Spread Strategy: Options Strategy with Differing Terms
An options strategy involving the purchase and sale of two or more options with differing terms to capitalize on different market conditions.
Sterling Overnight Index Average (SONIA): A Benchmark for Interest Rates
An in-depth exploration of the Sterling Overnight Index Average (SONIA), its significance in financial markets, historical context, calculation, and impact on various sectors.
Stock: Understanding the Financial Instrument
A detailed exploration of stocks, covering definitions, historical context, types, key events, mathematical models, charts, importance, applicability, examples, related terms, interesting facts, famous quotes, FAQs, and more.
Stock Connect Programs: Mechanisms for Cross-Border Trading
Stock Connect Programs are mechanisms like the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect that allow cross-border trading of stocks, bridging markets and offering new investment opportunities.
Stock Exchange: A Gateway to Financial Markets
An in-depth exploration of stock exchanges, where company shares and government stocks are traded. Covering their historical development, functioning, importance, and impact on the global economy.
Stock Exchange Trading System: An Overview
An in-depth look into the Stock Exchange Trading System (SETS), its history, functionalities, importance, and practical applications in modern financial markets.
Stock Liquidity: Understanding Market Fluidity
Stock Liquidity refers to how easily stocks can be bought or sold in the market, directly influenced by the free transferability of interest.
Stock Price: The Current Price at Which a Particular Share is Trading
An in-depth exploration of the stock price, including its historical context, factors influencing it, types, key events, mathematical models, and its importance in the financial markets.
Stock Volatility: Understanding Market Fluctuations
An in-depth look at stock volatility, explaining its definition, types, importance in financial markets, and its role in investment strategies.
Stocks vs. Commodities: Understanding Different Investment Vehicles
This entry delves into the distinction between stocks and commodities, exploring their characteristics, historical context, types, key events, and relevance in the financial markets.
Strike Price: Key Concept in Options Trading
An in-depth exploration of the strike price, a fundamental aspect of options trading, including its definition, historical context, types, key events, detailed explanations, and applications.
Sub-Custodian: Local Custody Services on Behalf of Global Custodians
Local entities that provide custody services in their respective countries on behalf of the global custodian. This article covers the role, types, importance, and examples of sub-custodians in financial markets.
Swap: Financial Derivative Explained
A comprehensive guide to swaps, a financial derivative in which two counter-parties agree to exchange one stream of cash flows for another.

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