A Bench Mark (BM) is a fixed physical reference point with a precisely known elevation, used in geodetic and engineering surveying.
A datum is a reference point or surface used in geodesy to ensure consistent and accurate spatial measurements.
An in-depth exploration of the ellipsoid, its mathematical properties, historical context, key events, and applications in various fields including geodesy and astronomy.
Geodesy, the science of measuring and understanding the Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravity field, provides crucial insights into the physical characteristics and dynamic processes of our planet.
Geodetic Surveying is the branch of surveying that deals with large areas of the earth's surface, enabling precise measurement and representation.
The science of determining the dimensions and contour of the Earth's surface.
